Impact of Rooftop Photovoltaics on the Distribution System

Table 5

Different aspects of PV impact on the distribution grid.

Study area	Related references
Power fluctuations due to variability in solar irradiance	[11, 19, 61, 64, 67, 71–74, 86, 89, 96, 122, 123, 129, 131, 145, 146, 149, 174, 176, 178, 188, 198, 200, 208, 214, 216, 224, 226, 229, 232, 233, 235, 240–243]
Overvoltage caused by PVs	[68, 93, 104, 113, 139, 157, 158, 197, 201, 237, 244–251]
Effect of rooftop PV on the transmission grid	[12, 109, 128, 135, 145, 216–219, 221, 228]
Comparing the performance of PV in voltage correction to voltage regulators (VRs) or capacitor banks	[76, 192, 195, 231]
Effects of installing PVs at different locations in the grid with different voltage levels	[66, 69, 92, 148, 159, 227]
Power flow in the feeder (reactive power)	[67, 76, 78, 83, 84, 89, 112, 125, 153, 189, 197, 224, 239]
Power flow in the feeder (active power)	[65, 71–73, 76, 78, 83, 84, 89, 96, 112, 125, 133, 153, 189, 197, 201, 209, 214, 215, 224, 232, 239]
Load peak shaving	[61, 62, 231]
Relation with the grid size	[11]
Voltage profile	[19, 27, 53, 54, 56–78, 80–84, 86–91, 93, 94, 96–101, 103, 105–110, 112–116, 118–120, 122–125, 127–139, 142–145, 148, 151, 153–159, 161, 162, 164, 167, 168, 170–173, 175, 177, 180–184, 187–192, 194, 195, 199–204, 207, 209, 210, 212–216, 220–225, 227, 228, 230–237, 239, 241, 252, 253]
Voltage fluctuations or flicker	[27, 64, 75, 81, 88, 89, 99, 107, 110, 118, 138, 152, 153, 172, 174, 188, 189, 203–205, 208, 212, 215, 216, 229, 250, 254]
Reverse reactive power flow	[84, 89, 128, 224, 239]
Reverse active power flow	[7, 65, 67, 76, 78, 84, 86, 87, 89, 96, 97, 105, 107, 109, 123, 128, 129, 131–133, 137, 149, 189, 196, 201, 214, 224, 230, 232, 239]
Power losses	[54, 59, 60, 65, 70, 76, 79, 83, 84, 86–88, 96, 99, 101, 102, 107, 112, 114, 119, 125, 131–133, 136, 145, 151, 153, 156–158, 162, 168, 171, 173, 174, 183, 184, 189–191, 196–198, 200, 209, 214, 215, 220, 224, 227, 230–232, 236, 237, 239, 250]
Interaction with static capacitor banks, SCs, or SVCs	[59, 60, 70, 75, 76, 80, 82, 84, 107, 153, 185, 187, 188, 195, 200, 214, 223, 227, 235]
PV with the option of active power curtailment	[101, 114, 161, 162, 167, 170–173, 180, 195, 202, 207, 237, 250, 253]
PV contribution to reactive power support	[53, 57, 60, 65, 66, 68–70, 74, 76–78, 83, 84, 88, 98, 99, 101, 107, 109–111, 113, 114, 123, 125, 129, 132, 137, 139, 143, 153, 156–158, 161, 168–174, 180, 182, 184, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 197, 201, 207, 208, 225–228, 231, 235, 237, 239, 250, 255, 256]
Impact of PV on voltage imbalance	[7, 12, 56–58, 63, 71–73, 81, 89–92, 94, 103, 106, 110, 112, 115, 128, 132–134, 138, 140, 154, 160–162, 165, 172, 179, 182, 183, 187, 190, 195, 200, 203, 204, 209, 223, 252]
Impact of PV on power imbalance	[90, 91, 107, 109, 128, 160, 193]
Comparing distributed PVs to PV plants	[75, 80, 82, 86, 87, 116, 157, 158, 189, 257]
Effect of spatial allocation of PVs or loads	[56, 64, 65, 70, 82, 84–86, 100, 102, 114, 118, 120, 133, 140, 144, 148, 154, 156–158, 175, 177, 187, 195, 199, 209, 210, 223, 236, 239]
Transient behavior of terminal voltage	[226]
Power factor at the main substation	[65, 66, 70, 74, 136, 206, 227]
System response during the peak demand	[1, 55, 61, 65, 69, 70, 76, 78, 109, 140, 149, 150, 196, 224, 227, 232, 235, 257]
Comparing system behavior in summer vs. winter (seasonal response)	[1, 65–67, 70, 78, 95, 97, 102, 121, 122, 131, 138, 149, 176, 188, 214, 218, 222, 224, 227, 232, 235]
Effect of grounding wire on PVs	[128]
Effect of customer type (residential, commercial, industrial)	[7, 55, 69, 117, 124, 126, 137, 150, 153, 200]
Diversity factor (aggregate peak demand effect)	[7, 188]
Short circuit impedance of the transformer	[177]
Impact on the effective lifetime of the main transformer	[95, 96, 117, 126, 131, 166, 186, 206, 238]
Effect of substation transformer capacity at different PV penetration levels	[69, 109, 115, 131, 133, 135, 183, 186, 230, 238, 239]
Effect of feeder capacity, length, or cross-sectional size	[54, 57, 68, 69, 71–73, 75, 82, 83, 86, 93, 94, 96, 115, 118, 119, 121, 133, 137, 138, 142, 144, 154, 155, 157, 158, 177, 183, 195, 199–201, 210, 213, 222, 223, 232, 239]
Whether the system allows for microgrid configuration	[221, 232]
Tap operation: VRs or OLTC	[59, 74–76, 78, 81, 84, 86–88, 94, 96, 99, 100, 107, 109, 110, 122, 123, 128, 129, 153, 155, 168, 171, 174, 176, 183, 187, 188, 200, 213, 214, 230, 235]
Effect of system strength (R/X ratio)	[155, 177, 234]
Impact of PV on voltage swell/sag	[145, 169, 170, 194, 211]
Effects of cloud movements, cloud pattern, or shading	[19, 27, 59, 61, 64, 67, 75, 86, 96, 99, 100, 107, 109, 131, 146, 160, 178, 215, 218, 224, 240, 242, 243, 258]