Review Article
Language Development across the Life Span: A Neuropsychological/Neuroimaging Perspective
Table 4
Verbal fluency means and (standard deviations) for children and adolescents.
| Reference/category | | Language | Age (years) | 5-6 | 6-7 | 7-8 | 8-9 | 9-10 | 10-11 | 11-12 | 12-13 | 13-14 | 14-15 | 16-17 |
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Crowe and Prescott [145] | 155 | English | | | | | | | | | | | | Animals | | | 8.9 (3.0) | | 12.3 (4.6) | | 15.8 (4.0) | | | | | | | Body parts | | | 9.9 (4.2) | | 13.0 (5.1) | | 17.1 (4.5) | | | | | | | Clothes | | | 8.4 (2.8) | | 11.0 (3.9) | | 12.3 (4.4) | | | | | | | Foods | | | 8.1 (2.9) | | 11.9 (4.9) | | 14.3 (4.1) | | | | | | | Plants | | | 3.7 (2.7) | | 5.5 (2.5) | | 7.4 (3.7) | | | | | | | Vehicles | | | 5.3 (2.2) | | 8.3 (3.0) | | 9.7 (3.3) | | | | | | | Filippetti and Allegri [146] | 120 | Spanish | | | | | | | | | | | | Animals | | | | | 12.0 (3.3) | | 14.2 (3.6) | | | | | | | Fruits | | | | | 7.3 (1.9) | | 9.0 (2.3) | | | | | | | /f/ | | | | | 4.9 (1.8) | | 7.2 (2.7) | | | | | | | /a/ | | | | | 5.7 (2.6) | | 6.8 (2.5) | | | | | | | /s/ | | | | | 5.1 (2.4) | | 6.7 (2.9) | | | | | | |
Kavé [56] | 180 | Hebrew | | | | | | | | | | | | Phonemic-bet | | | | | 5.3 (1.8) | | 7.4 (2.1) | | 9.4 (3.4) | | 11.7 (3.8) | 13.5 (3.9) | | Gimel | | | | | 5.7 (2.5) | | 7.6 (2.3) | | 9.8 (3.1) | | 12.2 (3.5) | 13.3 (3.6) | | Shin | | | | | 6.5 (2.7) | | 7.2 (2.8) | | 10.3 (3.5) | | 11.0 (3.2) | 13.8 (4.0) | | Animals, fruits and vegetables, vehicles | | | | | 27.2 (9.2) | | 36.7 (10.2) | | 43.7 (10.4) | | 46.2 (10) | 53 (10.3) | | Matute et al. [57] | 171 | Spanish | | | | | | | | | | | | Fruits | | | 9.8 (3.6) | | 11.2 (2.7) | | 12.4 (2.6) | | 13.5 (2.9) | | 15.7 (3.1) | | | /m/ | | | 5.8 (2.8) | | 7.2 (3.0) | | 8.6 (2.8) | | 9.3 (3.4) | | 12.5 (4.4) | | |
Sauzéon et al. [59] | 140 | English | | | | | | | | | | 15-16 yrs old | | FAS | | | | 4.5 (1.4) | 6.3 (1.9) | | | 7.6 (2.0) | | 9.1 (2.1) | | 10.6 (2.2) | | Fruit & supermarket | | | | 8.8 (2.2) | 11.5 (2.5) | | | 13.2 (3.0) | | 14.3 (2.5) | | 15.1 (2.3) | |
Tallberg et al. [147] | 130 | Swedish | 6 yrs old | | | 9 yrs old | | | 12 yrs old | | | 15 yrs old | | FAS | | | 8.8 (6.0) | | | 16.0 (5.6) | | | 27.3 (6.0) | | | 30.1 (8.4) | | Animals | | | 9.5 (3.2) | | | 13.5 (4.0) | | | 17.6 (4.4) | | | 18.7 (3.9) | |
Chan and Poon [148] | 90 | Chinese | | 7–11 yrs old | | | | | 12–14 yrs old | | | 15–18 yrs olds | | Animals | | | | 15.4 (3.2) | | | | | 17.7 (4.2) | | | 18.5 (3.9) | | Transportation | | | | 10.6 (3.1) | | | | | 11.8 (3.4) | | | 13.9 (4.3) | |
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