|
Schemes suggested
by authors | Fault locator inputs | Line configuration | Fault resistance
range () | Fault inception
angle (°) | Other factors
considered | Response time
and accuracy |
|
|
Mahanty and Gupta [13] | Samples of 3-phase V and I | Single-circuit line for LG and LL faults only | 0–200 | 0–90° | Other types of faults and wide variation in inception angle not considered. | Response time not indicated and error is 6%. |
|
Mazon et al. [9] | Samples of 50 Hz components of 3-phase voltages and currents of each circuits | Double-circuit line for LG faults only | 0–20 | — | Other types of faults and variation in inception angle not considered. | Response time not indicated and error is 0.19%. |
|
Bhalja and Maheshwari [23] | Δ, δ , and resistance | Double-circuit line for LG faults only | 0–200 | — | Mutual coupling, remote source infeed. | Not indicated. |
| Singular distance locator (by Jain et al.) [25] | Samples of 50 Hz components of 3-phase voltages and currents of each circuits | Double-circuit line for all 10 types of faults in both the circuits (total 20 types of faults) | 0–100 | 0–360° | Mutual coupling, remote source infeed, and all 10 types of faults in each circuit. | 1-cycle time from inception of faults and % error is from −7% to +1.97%. |
| Proposed scheme (modular distance locator) | Samples of 50 Hz components of 3-phase voltages and currents of each circuits | Double-circuit line for all 10 types of faults in both the circuits (total 20 types of faults) | 0–100 | 0–360° | Mutual coupling, remote source infeed, all 10 types of faults in each circuit, source strength variation, CT saturation, and single-circuit operation. | 1-cycle time from inception of faults and % error is from −1.362% to +1.201%. |
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