EMF characteristics Study group Method Study outcome Reference GSM-MP, 6 h/day for 5 days MP users Semen analysis Decrease in rapid progressive motility of sperm [161 ] MP MP users Semen analysis Duration of use and transmission time correlated positively and negatively with proportion of slow progressive and rapid progressive motile sperm, respectively. [162 ] MP MP users with suitable controls Sperm parameters like volume, liquefaction time, pH, viscosity, sperm count, motility, viability, and morphology Statistically significant decrease in semen quality which was also a function of duration of MP use. [163 ] MP, 1 h Human semen samples Semen analysis Significant decline in semen mobility, viability and ROS-TAC* score, rise in ROS level. [164 ] 1.8 GHz RF EMR, SAR (0.4 W/kg to 27.5 W/kg) Purified human spermatozoa Vitality, motility, sperm density, DHE† assay, MSR‡ assay, 8-OH- Significant decrease in motility and vitality and increase in ROS, 8-OH-dG and DNA fragmentation with increasing SAR. [153 ] RF radiations from GSM base station, 6-month exposure Male mice, Mus musculus Sperm head abnormality assay High level of sperm head injury in exposed mice which correlated positively with radiation levels [165 ]
