GC Analyses of Salvia Seeds as Valuable Essential Oil Source

Table 1

Essential oil composition (%w/w) of Salvia verbenaca (Sv), Salvia officinalis (So), and Salvia sclarea (Ss) seeds.

Number	Compounds*	RI^a	RI^b	Sv	So	Ss	Identification
1	Hexanal	800	1093	0.42	—	—	GC-MS, Co-GC
2	(E)-2-Hexenal	852	1232	—	—	0.03	GC-MS, Co-GC
3	1-Hexanol	878	1360	—	1.29	—	GC-MS, Co-GC
4	Tricyclene	927	1014	0.96^a	0.23^b	0.08^c	GC-MS
5	-Thujene	930	1035	—	3.08^b	7.48^a	GC-MS
6	-Pinene	939	1032	0.44^b	1.26^a	0.27^c	GC-MS
7	-3-Carene	1012	1159	0.50^a	0.03^b	—	GC-MS
8	p-Cymene	1022	1280	0.37^b	1.52^a	0.12^c	GC-MS
9	Limonene	1030	1203	—	—	0.17	GC-MS, Co-GC
10	-Phellandrene	1030	1218	—	—	0.03	GC-MS
11	1,8-Cineole	1033	1213	—	6.66^a	0.12^b	GC-MS, Co-GC
12	cis-Sabinene hydrate	1068	1556	—	0.19	—	GC-MS
13	cis-Linalool oxide	1072	1478	—	0.13	—	GC-MS
14	-Fenchone	1087	1406	0.26	—	—	GC-MS
15	trans-Linalool oxide	1087	1450	1.05	—	—	GC-MS
16	Linalool	1098	1553	0.84^b	0.68^b	24.25^a	GC-MS, Co-GC
17	n-Undecane	1100	1100	2.65^a	0.48^c	0.75^b	GC-MS, Co-GC
18	-Thujone	1102	1429	0.52^b	14.77^a	—	GC-MS
19	cis-allo-Ocimene	1113	1382	1.55^a	0.14^b	1.46^b	GC-MS
20	-Thujone	1114	1451	—	4.30	—	GC-MS
21	Geijerene	1140	1338	—	1.01	—	GC-MS
22	Camphor	1143	1532	38.94^a	13.08^b	—	GC-MS
23	Borneol	1165	1719	—	3.54	—	GC-MS
24	Terpinen-4-ol	1177	1611	0.88^a	0.09^c	0.37^b	GC-MS
25	p-Cymen-8-ol	1185	1864	—	0.17	—	GC-MS
26	-Terpineol	1187	1682	0.49^b	2.42^a	0.20^c	GC-MS
27	-Terpineol	1189	1706	2.03^a	0.91^b	0.20^c	GC-MS
28	Myrtenal	1190	1648	—	0.55	—	GC-MS
29	Myrtenol	1194	1804	—	0.28	—	GC-MS
30	cis-Sabinol	1210	1800	—	0.18	—	GC-MS
31	Nerol	1228	1797	—	—	0.98	GC-MS, Co-GC
32	Linalyl acetate	1239	1565	2.53^b	0.08^c	6.90^a	GC-MS
33	Geraniol	1254	1857	—	0.33^b	2.79^a	GC-MS, Co-GC
34	Bornyl acetate	1285	1597	0.79^a	0.16^b	—	GC-MS
35	Thymol	1293	2198	—	0.37^a	0.10^b	GC-MS
36	Carvacrol	1296	nd	—	0.83^b	1.93^a	GC-MS
37	-Elemene	1337	1479	3.97^a	0.07^c	0.85^b	GC-MS
38	-Cubebene	1348	1456	—	—	2.86	GC-MS
39	-Terpinyl acetate	1353	1709	4.77^a	1.81^b	0.29^c	GC-MS
40	Eugenol	1357	2192	—	0.83	—	GC-MS, Co-GC
41	Neryl acetate	1366	1733	2.40^a	—	0.36^b	GC-MS, Co-GC
42	-Ylangene	1372	1493	—	0.04^b	0.24^a	GC-MS
43	-Copaene	1376	1497	—	0.01^b	4.08^a	GC-MS
44	-Damascenone	1381	1838	—	0.06	—	GC-MS
45	Geranyl acetate	1383	1765	—	—	1.94	GC-MS, Co-GC
46	-Bourbonene	1384	1533	1.73^a	—	0.35^b	GC-MS
47	-Elemene	1389	1600	—	0.16	—	GC-MS
48	Methyl eugenol	1402	2030	—	0.18	—	GC-MS, Co-GC
49	-Caryophyllene	1413	1612	0.27^a	0.19^b	0.24^a	GC-MS
50	-Cubebene	1419	1549	1.50^a	—	0.72^b	GC-MS
51	Aromadendrene	1439	1628	0.66^a	0.18^b	—	GC-MS
52	(Z)--Farnesene	1441	1668	1.76	—	—	GC-MS
53	-Humulene	1454	1687	0.67^b	3.71^a	0.08^c	GC-MS, Co-GC
54	allo-Aromadendrene	1460	1661	1.29^b	1.43^a	0.06^c	GC-MS
55	-Amorphene	1474	1680	—	0.47	—	GC-MS
56	-Muurolene	1477	1704	0.05	—	—	GC-MS
57	Germacrene-D	1479	1726	—	1.18^b	5.88^a	GC-MS
58	epi-Cubebol	1491	1900	—	0.34^a	0.24^b	GC-MS
59	Bicyclogermacrene	1494	1755	—	1.29^b	4.29^a	GC-MS
60	(E,E)--Farnesene	1506	1758	—	0.24	—	GC-MS
61	-Bisabolene	1508	1741	1.10^a	0.72^b	—	GC-MS
62	-Cadinene	1513	1776	—	0.08	—	GC-MS
63	-Cadinene	1517	1773	—	0.53^a	0.24^b	GC-MS
64	-Calacorene	1542	1942	—	—	0.10	GC-MS
65	Germacrene-B	1558	1854	—	0.08^b	1.29^a	GC-MS
66	(E)-Nerolidol	1563	2050	—	1.41	—	GC-MS
67	Spathulenol	1575	2144	—	0.08^a	0.03^b	GC-MS
68	Caryophyllene oxide	1579	2008	7.28^a	0.16^c	3.18^b	GC-MS
69	Viridiflorol	1592	2104	—	2.66	—	GC-MS
70	Humulene epoxide I	1596	2045	—	—	1.55	GC-MS
71	Humulene epoxide II	1606	2071	—	0.25	—	GC-MS
72	T-Cadinol	1642	2187	—	0.15^b	0.52^a	GC-MS
73	-Cadinol	1643	nd	—	0.41^b	0.88^a	GC-MS
74	-Eudesmol	1649	nd	3.76^a	0.47^c	1.72^b	GC-MS
75	13-epi-Manool	Nd	nd	5.61^a	2.22^b	0.59^c	GC-MS
Compound classes
		Alcohols		2.46^a	0.42^b	0.03^c
Aliphatic hydrocarbons		Alkanes		—	1.29	—
		Aldehydes		0.84^a	0.48^c	0.75^b
Monoterpene hydrocarbons				3.82^c	6.45^b	9.60^a
Oxygenated monoterpenes				57.30^a	50.14^b	38.38^c
Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons				13.00^b	11.39^b	21.27^a
Norisoprenoids with 13 carbons				—	0.06	—
Phenylpropanes				—	1.01	—
Phenols				—	1.10^b	2.03^a
Oxygenated sesquiterpenes				11.04^a	5.93^c	8.12^b
Labdane type diterpenes				5.61^a	2.22^b	0.59^c
Total

*Components are listed according to their elution on apolar column (HP-5). RI: retention indices relative to C₈–C₂₂  n-alkanes on the ^aHP-5 and ^bHP-Innowax columns; nd: not detected; GC/MS: identification based on comparison of mass spectra; Co-GC: identification based on retention time comparison to authentic compounds. Values (means of three replicates) in the same lines with different letters (a–c) are significantly different at .