Allotropic Carbon Nanoforms as Advanced Metal-Free Catalysts or as Supports

Scheme 12

General route for the synthesis of doped G by using alginate as G precursor that is modified by addition of a compound of the dopant element (a), followed by pyrolysis of the modified biopolymer in the absence of oxygen (b) and sonication in the presence of a liquid phase (c). The letters G and M correspond to the guluronic and maluronic monosaccharides of alginate.