Research Article
Association between Perceived Built Environment and Prevalent Hypertension among South African Adults
Table 2
Sociodemographic characteristics of participants.
| | Variable | Female () | Male () | value | All () | | Number (%) | Number (%) | Number (%) |
| | Gender | | | | | | Female | | | | 510 (76.0) | | Male | | | | 161 (24.0) | | Age | | | 0.251 | | | 35–44 | 173 (33.9) | 48 (29.8) | | 221 (32.9) | | 45–54 | 166 (32.5) | 63 (39.1) | | 229 (34.1) | | 55+ | 171 (33.5) | 50 (31.1) | | 221 (32.9) | | Marital status | | | 0.001 | | | Single | 209 (41.0) | 56 (34.8) | | 265 (39.1) | | Married | 192 (37.6) | 85 (52.8) | | 277 (41.3) | | Divorce | 109 (21.4) | 20 (12.4) | | 129 (19.2) | | Education status | | | 0.140 | | | Primary | 17 (3.3) | 11 (6.8) | | 28 (4.2) | | Secondary | 471 (92.4) | 142 (88.2) | | 613 (91.4) | | Tertiary | 22 (4.3) | 8 (5.0) | | 30 (4.5) | | Occupation | | | 0.118 | | | Less skilled | 75 (14.7) | 129 (80.1) | | 564 (84.1) | | Homemaker | 435 (85.3) | 32 (19.9) | | 107 (15.9) | | Ethnicity | | | 0.240 | | | African | 506 (99.2) | 158 (98.1) | | 664 (99.0) | | Coloured | 4 (0.8) | 3 (1.9) | | 7 (1.0) | | Location | | | 0.915 | | | Urban | 221 (43.3) | 69 (42.9) | | 290 (43.2) | | Rural | 289 (56.7) | 92 (57.1) | | 381 (56.8) |
| | Selected CVD risk factors | | | | | | Blood pressure (M ± SD) | | | | | | Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142.2 (25.7) | 140.5 (19.4) | 0.838 | 141.8 (24.2) | | Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 92.7 (15.2) | 89.3 (12.2) | 0.004 | 91.9 (14.6) | | Self-reported hypertension | | | <0.001 | | | No | 338 (66.3) | 134 (83.2) | | 472 (70.3) | | Yes | 172 (33.7) | 27 (16.8) | | 199 (29.7) | | Screen-detected hypertension | | | <0.001 | | | Normotension | 186 (55.0) | 38 (28.4) | | 224 (47.5) | | Hypertension | 152 (45.0) | 96 (71.6) | | 248 (52.5) | | Any hypertension | | | 0.003 | | | No | 186 (36.5) | 38 (23.6) | | 224 (33.4) | | Yes | 234 (63.5) | 123 (76.4) | | 447 (66.6) | | Self-reported diabetes | | | 0.469 | | | No | 466 (91.4) | 150 (93.2) | | 616 (91.8) | | Yes | 44 (8.6) | 11 (6.8) | | 55 (8.2) | | BMI category | | | <0.001 | | | Normal | 100 (19.6) | 107 (66.4) | | 207 (30.8) | | Overweight | 127 (24.9) | 23 (14.3) | | 150 (22.4) | | Obese | 283 (55.5) | 31 (19.3) | | 314 (46.8) | | Smoking | | | <0.001 | | | No | 437 (85.7) | 70 (43.5) | | 507 (75.6) | | Yes | 73 (14.3) | 91 (56.5) | | 164 (24.4) | | Alcohol use | | | <0.001 | | | No | 448 (87.8) | 73 (45.3) | | 521 (77.6) | | Yes | 62 (12.2) | 88 (54.7) | | 150 (22.4) | | Physical activity levels | | | 0.718 | | | <150 min/week | 152 (30.8) | 52 (32.3) | | 209 (31.1) | | >150 min/week | 353 (69.2) | 109 (67.7) | | 462 (68.9) |
| | Perceived built environment attributes | | | | | | Land use mix-diversity | | | 0.110 | | | ≤20 min | 42 (8.2) | 20 (12.4) | | 62 (9.2) | | ≥21 min | 468 (91.8) | 141 (87.6) | | 609 (90.8) | | Land use mix-access | | | 0.160 | | | Disagree | 381 (74.7) | 129 (80.1) | | 510 (76.0) | | Agree | 129 (25.3) | 32 (19.9) | | 161 (24.0) | | Street connectivity | | | 0.612 | | | Disagree | 227 (44.5) | 68 (42.2) | | 295 (44.0) | | Agree | 283 (55.5) | 93 (57.8) | | 376 (56.0) | | Infrastructure for walking/cycling | | | 0.091 | | | Disagree | 248 (48.6) | 66 (41.0) | | 314 (46.8) | | Agree | 262 (51.4) | 95 (59.0) | | 357 (53.2) | | Aesthetics | | | 0.082 | | | Disagree | 318 (62.4) | 88 (54.7) | | 406 (60.5) | | Agree | 192 (37.6) | 73 (45.3) | | 265 (39.5) | | Safety from traffic | | | 0.490 | | | Disagree | 263 (51.6) | 78 (48.8) | | 341 (50.8) | | Agree | 247 (48.4) | 83 (51.6) | | 330 (49.2) | | Safety from crime | | | 0.172 | | | Disagree | 234 (45.9) | 64 (39.8) | | 298 (44.4) | | Agree | 176 (54.1) | 97 (60.2) | | 373 (55.6) |
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SD: standard deviation; subsample of 472 participants after excluding those with self-reported hypertension.
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