Association between Perceived Built Environment and Prevalent Hypertension among South African Adults

Table 4

Multivariable associations of perceived built environment attribute with screen-detected hypertension and any hypertension.

Variables	⁢Screen-detected hypertension			Any hypertension
	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value
Gender
Male (ref)
Female	0.44	0.28–0.68	<0.001	0.47	0.29–0.78	0.004
Age
35–44 (ref)
45–54	1.34	0.85–2.09	0.207	2.06	1.38–3.07	<0.001
55+	3.52	2.04–6.08	<0.001	7.45	4.57–12.16	<0.001
Education level
Primary (ref)
Secondary	3.93	0.73–21.14	0.111	3.11	0.67–14.48	0.149
Tertiary	1.12	0.34–3.27	0.830	0.99	0.41–2.36	0.977
Location
Rural (ref)
Urban	2.41	1.37–4.24	0.002	2.70	1.64–4.47	<0.001
BMI
Normal (ref)
Overweight	1.41	0.85–2.35	0.184	1.41	0.85–2.35	0.184
Obese	1.29	0.76–2.20	0.347	1.29	0.76–2.20	0.347
Physical activity level
<150 min/week (ref)
>150 min/week	0.91	0.58–1.43	0.691	0.99	0.66–1.47	0.942
Land use mix-diversity
≤20 min (ref)
≥21 min	2.13	0.95–4.75	0.065	1.26	0.67–2.39	0.476
Land use mix-access
Disagree (ref)
Agree	0.98	0.55–1.73	0.930	1.02	0.61–1.72	0.928
Street connectivity
Disagree (ref)
Agree	0.55	0.30–1.01	0.053	0.72	0.42–1.23	0.226
Infrastructure for walking/cycling
Disagree (ref)
Agree	0.55	0.50–1.71	0.795	0.90	0.52–1.55	0.706
Aesthetics
Disagree (ref)
Agree	1.23	0.73–2.09	0.434	1.29	0.81–2.06	0.285
Safety from traffic
Disagree (ref)
Agree	1.92	1.07–3.43	0.029	0.63	0.38–1.06	0.079
Safety from crime
Disagree (ref)
Agree	1.22	0.71–2.008	0.468	1.20	0.75–1.93	0.446

OR: odds ratios; CI: confidence interval; odds ratios adjusted for age, gender, education, location, BMI, and physical activity in the table; bold = significant borderline.