Neck Flexion Induces Larger Deformation of the Brain Than Extension at a Rotational Acceleration, Closed Head Trauma

Figure 2

Effects on brain by exposures. A rabbit brain after a single exposure to a low level sagittal flexion closed head rotational acceleration (A). There are small hemorrhages in the leptomeninges and on the dorsal surface of the medulla and uppermost cervical cord (marked I). The track after a FOPT used in this special exposure indicated by an arrowhead. Paraflocculus (Pf) and the olfactory bulbs (OB) marked. The brain has no signs of contusion or distortion. (B) shows that there was no blood-brain barrier dysfunction but in the olfactory bulbs (OB), as revealed by Evans blue staining after a low level flexion exposure. The arrowhead points to a stained segment of the basilar artery. Note the staining along the vessels in the subarachnoid spaces. (C) shows the design of a FOPT, resting on a fingertip. The sensor is to the left at the tip of the glass fiber conducting LED light. Note the small dimensions and the absence of mechanical parts and electric leads. (D) Light micrograph of a stained section of brain parenchyma with a tiny hole () constituting the track formed by a FOPT after two exposures to a high level extension. Blood vessel marked Bv.