The Role of Biomarkers Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP) in Chronic and Episodic Migraines: A Meta-Analysis
Table 1
Descriptive characteristics of the included studies.
There was a significantly higher VIP and PACAP in chronic migraine () and no difference in episodic migraine and controls (). Statistically nonsignificant differences of VIP and PACAP between chronic and episodic migraines ().
VIP and PACAP were significantly higher ( and 0.043, respectively) in episodic migraine, while there were no significant differences in the case of chronic migraine.