An Integrative Review of the Methods Used to Research the Prevalence of Violence against Women in Pakistan

Table 1

Summary of methodological research strategies among the studies reviewed.

(a)

Strategies	Ali et al. [20]	Ali and Bustamante-Gavino [26]	Andersson et al. [21]	Farid et al. [22]
Sample selection:
Study setting	Urban	Urban	Urban and rural	Urban
Study sample	Married, 25–60 yrs	Married, 15–45 yrs, at least 2 children	Women married or not >14 yrs	Recently deliver, 15–49 yrs, living with partner
Sampling frame	Multistage randomization	Purposive, nonrandom	Stratified cluster random	Random
Sample size	800 women	400 women	23430	500
Recruitment:
Recruitment site	2 low SES communities	5 low SES communities	100 communities	4 tertiary care public hospitals
Recruitment strategy	Midwives/health workers	CHW*	CHW*	Absent
Response (refusal) rate (%)	93.7 (6.3)	92.5 (7.5)	(3)	Absent
Data collection:
Data source	Survey interview	Survey interview	S. interview/FGD*	Survey interview
Data collection tool	Multicountry; Study on Women’s Health and Life Experiences Questionnaire	Designed based on FGD*	Designed for survey and FGD*	WHO-DV* module; (modified version)
Tool validity	Assured	Assured	Assured	Assured
Interviewers/training	Experienced/extensive	Experienced/extensive	Experienced/extensive	Absent/extensive
Privacy during interview	Home, nearby school, NGO facility	In absence of husband	In absence of male and senior women	Outside visiting hours
Data quality control	Reinterviewed 5% randomly selected participants	Data cleaning, validation, double entered	Data cleaning, validation, double entered	Implicit
Data analysis:
Methods of analysis/limitations	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit
Interpretation of finding	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit

CHW: community health worker, FGD: focus group discussion, WHO: World Health Organization, DV: domestic violence.

(b)

Strategies	Fikree et al. [23]	Fikree and Bhatti [8]	Hussain and Khan [28]	Karmaliani et al. [24]
Sample selection:
Study setting	Urban	Urban	Urban	Urban
Study sample	Recently deliver women	Married women living with husband	CKI* and women experiencing violence	Pregnant women; (20–26 wks gestation)
Sampling frame	Random	Convenience	CKI*: snowball; women: purposive	Random
Sample size	300	150	8 key informants; 3 FGD*: 23 women; in-depth interview: 10 women	1324 women
Recruitment:
Recruitment site	A large tertiary public hospital	Outpatient clinics	2 middle and lower middle; SES* communities	Low to middle SES* community
Recruitment strategy	Absent	Absent	CKI	LHW*
Response (refusal) rate (%)	(<1%)	Absent	Absent	96.7%
Data collection:
Data source	Survey interview	Survey interview	FGD*, CKI*, and in-depth interviews	Survey interview
Data collection tool	Conflict Tactic Scale	Designed for the study	Semistructured; questionnaire designed	WHO-DV* module (modified)
Tool validity	Assured	Assured	Assured	Assured
Interviewers/training	Absent	Absent	Implicit	Experienced/extensive
Privacy during interview	Absent	Assured	CKI’s residence	Research clinic
Data quality control	Implicit	Absent	Implicit	Data cleaning, double entered
Data analysis:
Methods of analysis/limitations	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit
Interpretation of finding	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit

CKI: community key informants, DV: domestic violence, FGD: focus group discussion, LHW: Lady Health Worker, SES: Socioeconomic Status, WHO: World Health Organization.

(c)

Strategies	Naeem et al. [25]	Rabbani et al. [29]	Shaikh [27]
Sample selection:
Study setting	Urban	Urban	Urban
Study sample	Married women	CKI* and women; experiencing violence	Married women
Sampling frame	Random	CKI* and FGD*: purposive; Survey interview: convenience	Convenience
Sample size	657	8 CKI*; 13 FGD*: 8 women and 5 men; in-depth interview: 108 women	216 women
Recruitment:
Recruitment site	Women from PHC* clinic	Absent	OPC* of public hospital
Recruitment strategy	Absent	CHW* and CKI*	Absent
Response (refusal) rate (%)	(18.6%)	Absent	70.3%
Data collection:
Data source	Survey interview	CKI, FGD, and in-depth interview	Survey interview
Data collection tool	WEB and DAC	Semistructured questionnaire designed based on CKIs’ interview and FGD	Design structured questionnaire
Tool validity	Assured	Absent	Absent
Interviewers/training	Experienced/extensive	Absent/extensive	Implicit
Privacy during interview	Absent	CKIs’ residence	Assured
Data quality control	Implicit	Data cleaning, validation, double entered	Absent
Data analysis:
Methods of analysis/limitations	Explicit	Explicit	Explicit
Interpretation of finding	Explicit	Explicit	Implicit

CHW: community health worker, CKI: community key informants, FGD: focus group discussion, OPC: outpatient clinic, PHC: primary health care.