Review Article
A Comprehensive Review on Dry Eye Disease: Diagnosis, Medical Management, Recent Developments, and Future Challenges
Table 1
Diagnostic tests and normal values.
| | Test | Normal values |
| | Tear film breakup time (TBUT) | >10 sec | | Noninvasive breakup time (NIBUT) | 40 sec–60 sec | | Epithelial staining | No visible staining | | Schirmer test (basic) | >5 mm after 5 minutes | | Schirmer I test (without topical anesthesia) | >10 mm after 5 minutes | | Schirmer II test/Jones test (with anesthesia) | >15 mm after 5 minutes | | Tear function index | >96 | | Tear osmolarity | <312–318 mOsm/L | | Impression cytology | Normal appearance of cells | | Tear fluid protein immunoassay | Total lysozyme reactivity TLR <1.0 | | Lactoferrin 1.42 mg/mL (abnormal value <1) |
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