Fault Handling Methods and Comparison for Different DC Breaker Topologies and MMC Topologies of the HVDC System

<div>The diagram of DC current in the UFD and DC line in modified HVDC breaker. (<span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.55521pt" id="M30" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 10.8126 8.55521" width="10.8126pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.433,0)"><path d="M384 0V27C293 34 287 42 287 114V635C232 613 172 594 109 583V559L157 557C201 555 205 550 205 499V114C205 42 199 34 109 27V0H384Z" id="g113-50"></path></g></svg>:</span> short circuit occurs; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.55521pt" id="M31" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 10.8126 8.55521" width="10.8126pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.433,0)"><path d="M412 140C382 77 369 73 315 73H129L270 222C362 320 402 379 402 466C402 571 322 635 234 635C177 635 130 609 99 576L42 495L64 475C90 514 133 568 201 568C274 568 318 519 318 435C318 349 255 267 193 193C144 135 87 78 32 23V0H405C417 45 427 89 440 131L412 140Z" id="g113-51"></path></g></svg>:</span> short circuit is detected, all thyristors are turned on, and MMC are blocked; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.55521pt" id="M32" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 10.8126 8.55521" width="10.8126pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.433,0)"><path d="M285 378C315 398 338 416 353 432C373 451 384 474 384 503C384 579 325 635 236 635H235C182 635 136 610 108 579L65 516L85 496C110 533 150 575 205 575C258 575 300 543 300 481C300 407 232 369 141 339L147 310C163 315 188 321 211 321C268 321 338 284 338 192C338 94 288 40 217 40C160 40 119 68 93 91C85 98 77 97 69 91C60 84 47 71 46 58C44 46 48 35 62 22C75 10 116 -12 162 -12C234 -12 424 62 424 224C424 297 373 359 285 376V378Z" id="g113-52"></path></g></svg>:</span> IGBT1s in the DC line are turned off; <svg height="12.9866pt" id="M33" style="vertical-align:-4.3507pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.6359 23.7944 12.9866" width="23.7944pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M405 650H141L135 622C222 616 230 610 215 535L133 116C118 41 113 33 29 28L23 0H289L295 28C209 33 205 40 219 116L298 535C312 609 317 616 399 622L405 650Z" id="g113-74"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,4.719,3.132)"><path d="M43 650V617C122 612 130 606 130 522V128C130 44 122 37 34 32V0H275C400 0 497 25 573 82C652 142 698 229 698 350C698 445 662 518 613 565C549 625 456 650 327 650H43ZM217 544C217 580 220 591 229 599C240 607 264 613 311 613C380 613 437 599 482 570C561 523 598 436 598 336C598 177 511 40 324 40C248 40 217 61 217 135V544Z" id="g58-66"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,11.663,3.132)"><path d="M618 181C565 77 513 26 413 26C264 26 151 150 151 336C151 486 240 625 407 625C516 625 573 582 600 475L634 483C627 540 622 581 613 638C585 643 518 665 435 665C211 665 46 526 46 315C46 158 157 -15 406 -15C480 -15 564 4 594 12C612 43 638 121 651 168L618 181Z" id="g58-65"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,17.787,3.132)"><path d="M98 134C72 134 46 117 46 90C46 73 55 65 60 64C95 55 124 32 124 -4C124 -42 95 -68 44 -89L57 -123C122 -104 194 -60 194 22C194 94 136 134 98 134Z" id="g50-45"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.0091,0,0,-0.0091,19.944,3.132)"><path d="M308 0V33C226 39 217 43 217 128V521C217 606 226 611 308 617V650H39V617C122 611 130 606 130 521V128C130 43 122 39 39 33V0H308Z" id="g50-138"></path></g></svg> decrease faster; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.55521pt" id="M34" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 10.8126 8.55521" width="10.8126pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.433,0)"><path d="M456 178V225H360V632H320C217 496 115 347 20 206V178H280V106C280 40 276 34 189 27V0H445V27C364 34 360 39 360 106V178H456ZM280 225H82C149 335 214 431 278 520H280V225Z" id="g113-53"></path></g></svg>:</span> current in the UFD decays to zero; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.32035pt" id="M35" style="vertical-align:-0.2063999pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.11395 10.8126 8.32035" width="10.8126pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.433,0)"><path d="M153 550H386L412 615L406 623H120L82 318C104 327 142 338 184 338C294 338 347 275 347 187C347 112 305 39 221 39C160 39 119 71 97 89C88 97 80 96 71 90C59 80 50 67 49 57C48 45 52 36 66 23C80 9 123 -12 169 -12C221 -11 288 15 342 59C403 109 431 165 431 225C431 308 366 395 238 395C212 395 165 379 127 364L153 550Z" id="g113-54"></path></g></svg>:</span> IGBT2s in the diodes branch are all turned off; <span class="nowrap"><svg height="8.55521pt" id="M36" style="vertical-align:-0.2063904pt" version="1.1" viewbox="-0.0498162 -8.34882 10.8126 8.55521" width="10.8126pt" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,0,0)"><path d="M324 430H196L233 583L223 592L145 529L120 430H54L29 396L31 388H111L56 126C33 15 54 -12 77 -12C137 -12 214 57 250 95L233 119C208 92 155 59 138 59C126 59 120 70 131 125L186 390L298 394L324 430Z" id="g113-117"></path></g><g transform="matrix(.013,0,0,-0.013,4.433,0)"><path d="M137 343C167 482 260 545 321 574C357 591 397 603 429 609L423 641C382 634 335 622 295 608C189 570 37 457 37 238C37 84 125 -12 242 -12C362 -12 447 89 447 209C447 311 374 393 267 393C247 393 226 386 204 376L137 343ZM227 337C318 337 361 256 361 173C361 105 336 22 258 22C176 22 126 120 126 240C126 266 127 291 132 310C155 323 189 337 227 337Z" id="g113-55"></path></g></svg>:</span> current in the DC line decays to zero).</div>

Advances in Power Electronics

fig12

Figure 12

Figure 12: Fault Handling Methods and Comparison for Different DC Breaker Topologies and MMC Topologies of the HVDC System 