Archaea

Review Article

Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaea (AOA) Play with Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria (AOB) in Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater

Table 1

Comparison of AOA and AOB in different wastewater treatment systems.
Biomass samplesInfluentProcess parameterAOA amoA gene abundanceAOB amoA gene abundanceAOA?AOBReference
Wastewater typeAmmonia level (mg N/L)COD (mg/L)Temperature (°C)DO (mg O2/L)
ASaMunicipal wastewater14–33116–23318.2–25.43.08–4.508 × 101–2 × 103 copies mL−1 sludge1.2 × 106–4.1 × 106 copies mL−1 sludgeAOA < AOB[20]
ASMunicipal wastewater5.4–38.624.8–152.0N/A0.5–3.253.28 × 104 ± 1.74 × 104–2.23 × 108 ± 1.92 × 108 copies mL−1 sludge8.05 × 103 ± 5.20 × 103–5.72 × 106 ± 5.69 × 105 copies mL−1 sludgeAOA > AOB[22]
ASMunicipal wastewater16.3–76.6115–580N/AN/A6.3 × 105–4.5 × 106 copies g−1 sludge7.2 × 103–1.7 × 105 copies g−1 sludgeAOA > AOB[23]
ASMunicipal wastewater5.6–11.023.4–68.0N/AN/A1.05 × 105 ± 6.74 × 104–7.48 × 108 ± 2.08 × 108 copies mL−1 sludge3.73 × 105 ± 3.07 × 105–9.05 × 107 ± 2.77 × 107 copies mL−1 sludgeAOA > AOB[24]
ASMunicipal wastewater14–58154–603N/A0.2-3.59.38 × 102 ± 4.74 × 101–1.11 × 106 ± 1.46 × 106 copies g−1 sludge1.50 × 105 ± 6.90 × 104–3.32 × 108 ± 6.10 × 107 copies g−1 sludgeAOA < AOB[26]
ASMunicipal wastewater15.9174301.21.11 × 103 ± 3.02 × 101–2.35 × 103 ± 7.34 × 101 copies ng−1 DNA6.35 × 101 ± 2.3–1.76 × 102 ± 1.56 × 101 copies ng−1 DNAAOA > AOB[38]
ASMunicipal wastewater35.8336161.7<LODb1.36 × 103 ± 3.68 × 101–2.71 × 104 ± 1.35 × 104 copies ng−1 DNAAOA < AOB[38]
ASMunicipal wastewater15.9110221.4<LOD3.69 × 104 ± 1.5 × 103 copies ng−1 DNAAOA < AOB[38]
ASMunicipal wastewater18.3100N/AN/A23–39 copies ng−1 DNA16–220 copies ng−1 DNAAOA < AOB[64]
ASMunicipal wastewaterN/AN/A13–23N/A1.6 × 102–1.9 × 102 copies ng−1 DNA1.1 × 103 copies ng−1 DNAAOA < AOB[69]
ASMunicipal wastewaterN/AN/A10–18N/A1.0 × 102–4.0 × 102 copies ng−1 DNA1.1 × 103–1.3 × 103 copies ng−1 DNAAOA < AOB[69]
ASMunicipal/industrial wastewater20.5–474.8365.2–2508.7N/A1.5–7.5<LOD-1.9 × 107 copies g−1 sludge4.625 × 104–9.99 × 109 copies g−1 sludgeAOA < AOB[27]
ASIndustrial wastewater35.2–262.0524–2730N/AN/A5.7 × 103–9.9 × 103 copies g−1 sludge2.6 × 107–3.6 × 109 copies g−1 sludgeAOA < AOB[23]
ASIndustrial wastewater36.1–422.3192–1410N/AN/A<LOD2.78 × 106 ± 1.32 × 106–4.25 × 107 ± 9.65 × 106 copies mL−1 sludgeAOA < AOB[24]
ASSpiramycin production wastewater2494575N/AN/A1.72 × 105 ± 3.02 × 105 copies ng−1 DNA3.25 × 104 ± 3.17 × 102 copies ng−1 DNAAOA > AOB[29]
ASOxytetracycline production wastewater164320022N/A3.6 × 101 ± 3.0 × 101 copies ng−1 DNA3.9 × 104 ± 1.94 × 103 copies ng−1 DNAAOA < AOB[29]
ASLandfill leachates2180 ± 6115565 ± 3397N/A0.3–2.5<LOD-1.1 × 104 ± 2.0 × 102 cells in extracted DNA2.1 × 103 ± 4.0 × 101–1.3 × 105 ± 1.0 × 103 cells in extracted DNAAOA < AOB[42]
BiofilmMunicipal wastewater9.8104N/AN/A6.0 × 105 copies g−1 sludge3.6 × 104 copies g−1 sludgeAOA > AOB[23]
BiofilmMunicipal wastewater0.3–7.2N/A10–222–52.2 ± 0.3–7.8 ± 0.9 copies μL−1 DNA9.2 ± 0.7–128.0 ± 4.0 copies μL−1 DNAAOA < AOB[35]
BiofilmMunicipal wastewaterN/AN/A10–222–54.5 × 105 ± 0.1 × 105–1.9 × 106 ± 0.3 × 106 copies μL−1 DNA4.5 × 103 ± 0.1 × 103–1.1 × 104 ± 0.1 × 104 copies μL−1 DNAAOA > AOB[35]
BiofilmMunicipal wastewater2.7–11.743–12110–2252.2 × 106 ± 0.1 × 106–1.0 × 107 ± 0.1 × 107 copies μL−1 DNA3.4 × 104 ± 0.3 × 104–1.0 × 105 ± 0.3 × 105 copies μL−1 DNAAOA > AOB[35]
BiofilmMunicipal wastewater10.63823.6–24.00.9–4.66.32 × 103–3.8 × 104 copies ng−1 DNA20.6–105.2 copies ng−1 DNAAOA > AOB[36, 37]
Wetland soilEffluent from WWTP20–3045–705.5–24N/A2.1 × 106 ± 0.2 × 106–1.8 × 107 ± 0.2 × 107 copies g−1 soil1.2 × 105 ± 0.2 × 105–5.2 × 107 ± 0.2 × 107 copies g−1 soilAOA > AOB[51]
aAS, activated sludge. bLOD, limit of detection.