Betaine Modulates Rumen Archaeal Community and Functioning during Heat and Osmotic Stress Conditions In Vitro

Table 3

Measures of alpha diversity of ruminal archaea community in fermenters associated with the liquid phase as determined using QIIME and 16S rRNA sequences.

Estimators	Osmolality^1			Temperature (°C)			Betaine^2				value^$
	Normal	Hyper	SE	39.5	42	SE	Control	Low	High	SE	^3	^3	^3	Interaction^4
ACE	1488.4	1485.1	52.3	1468.2	1505.3	52.32	1463.3	1495.8	1501.2	55.7	0.93	0.33	0.68	()
Shannon index	4.60	4.81	0.07	4.68	4.73	0.078	4.6672	4.7177	4.7426	0.08	<0.001	0.28	0.40	, ()
Simpson index	0.9031	0.9117	0.004	0.9083	0.9066	0.004	0.9045	0.9091	0.9087	0.004	0.003	0.55	0.35	,
Singles	385.42	381.15	13.3	378.76	387.81	13.38	375.38	385.34	389.13	14.23	0.66	0.35	0.49

¹; . ²Betaine levels: control (0), low (51), and high (286) ppm. ³: osmolality; : temperature; : betaine. ⁴Only effects with significance () or tendency marked with bracket () are listed. Standard error. ^$ value is for testing the fixed effect of osmolality (), temperature (), and betaine addition (). Significance: .