Betaine Modulates Rumen Archaeal Community and Functioning during Heat and Osmotic Stress Conditions In Vitro

Table 4

Measures of alpha diversity of ruminal archaea community in fermenters associated with the solid phase as determined using QIIME and 16S rRNA sequences.

Estimators	Osmolality^1			Temperature (°C)			Betaine^2				value^$
	Normal	Hyper	SE	39.5	42	SE	Control	Low	High	SE	^3	^3	^3	Interaction^4
ACE	1622.5	1430.2	32.8	1533.2	1519.5	32.9	1469	1557.3	1552.2	38.03	<0.001	0.71	0.11	()
Shannon index	4.83	4.794	0.04	4.84	4.77	0.04	4.74	4.87	4.82	0.05	0.50	0.23	0.19
Simpson index	0.909	0.9093	0.002	0.911	0.907	0.002	0.903	0.912	0.911	0.003	0.94	0.29	0.11
Singles	417.2	368.35	8.90	394.9	390.6	8.91	402.2	402.2	397.5	10.19	<0.001	0.66	0.12	()

¹; . ²Betaine levels: control (0), low (51), and high (286) ppm. ³: osmolality; : temperature; : betaine. ⁴Only effects with significance () or tendency marked with bracket () are listed. Standard error. ^$ value is for testing the fixed effect of osmolality (), temperature (), and betaine addition (). Significance: .