Betaine Modulates Rumen Archaeal Community and Functioning during Heat and Osmotic Stress Conditions In Vitro

Table 6

Community structure of ruminal archaea in solid phase as affected by incubation conditions and betaine supplementation in vitro.

	Osmolality^1			Temperature (°C)			Betaine^2				value
	Normal	Hyper	SE	39.5	42	SE	Control	Low	High	SE	^3	^3	^3	Interaction^4
Phyla
Crenarchaeota	0.001	0.001	0.0008	0.002		0.0008		0.001	0.002	0.001	0.98	0.10	0.26
Euryarchaeota	0.99	0.99	0.0007	0.991	0.993	0.0007	0.994	0.993	0.991	0.001	0.19	0.07	0.09
Genera
Vadin CA11	0.27	0.26	0.016	0.293	0.2426	0.0162	0.288	0.253	0.260	0.018	0.56	0.001	0.15
Methanosphaera	0.13	0.13	0.0308	0.115	0.159	0.030	0.119	0.0328	0.166	0.125	0.96	0.06	0.19
Methanosarcina											0.29	0.20	0.46
Methanobrevibacter	0.45	0.50	0.0208	0.494	0.463	0.0208	0.487	0.454	0.494	0.023	0.02	0.14	0.26	()
Methanobacterium											0.58	0.42	0.16
Methanimicrococcus	0.01	0.003	0.002	0.0045	0.011	0.0025	0.006	0.005	0.011	0.003	0.02	0.05	0.33	()

¹; . ²Betaine levels: control (0), low (51), and high (286) ppm. ³: osmolality; : temperature; : betaine. ⁴Only effects with significance () or tendency marked with bracket () are listed. Standard error. ^$ value is for testing the fixed effect of osmolality (), temperature (), and betaine addition (). Significance: .