Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of the Pecten Oculi in the Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)

Table 1

Research studies of pecten oculi in various avian species.

Species	Method	Number of pleats	Order	Family	Visual activity	References
Common loon (Gavia immer)	LM, TEM	14-15	Gaviiformes	Gaviidae	Diurnal	[15]
Pigeon (Columba livia)	LM, TEM	15–17	Columbiformes	Columbidae	Diurnal	[16]
	LM, SEM	15–18				[17]
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)	LM, TEM	12–14	Anseriformes	Anatidae	Diurnal	[11]
Black kite (Milvus migrans)	SEM	12	Falconiformes	Accipitridae	Diurnal	[14]
Red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)	LM, TEM	17-18	Accipitriformes	Accipitridae	Diurnal	[18]
American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos)	LM, TEM	22–25	Passeriformes	Corvidae	Diurnal	[19]
Nighthawk (Chordeiles minor)	LM, TEM	4-5	Caprimulgiformes	Caprimulgidae	Nocturnal	[13]
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae)	LM, TEM	3-4	Struthioniformes	Dromaiidae	Diurnal	[20]
Australian galah (Eolophus roseicapillus)	LM, TEM	20–25	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Diurnal	[21]
Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)	LM, TEM	7-8	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Nocturnal	[22]
Chicken (Gallus domesticus)	SEM, TEM	18–20	Galliformes	Phasianidae	Diurnal	[23]
	LM, SEM	18–22				[6]
	LM, TEM	16–18				[24]
Great blue heron (Ardea herodias)	LM, TEM	14-15	Pelecaniformes	Ardeidae	Diurnal	[25]
Barred owl (Strix varia)	TEM	8–10	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Nocturnal	[26]
Common buzzard (Buteo buteo)	LM, SEM	17	Falconiformes	Accipitridae	Diurnal	[27]
Budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus)	LM, SEM, TEM	10–12	Psittaciformes	Psittacidae	Diurnal	[12]
Jungle Crow (Corvus macrorhynchos)	LM, TEM	24-25	Passeriformes	Corvidae	Diurnal	[28]
Spotted eagle owl (Bubo bubo africanus)	LM, TEM	5-6	Strigiformes	Strigidae	Nocturnal	[24]
White stork (Ciconia ciconia)	LM, SEM	15–17	Ciconiiformes	Ciconiidae	Diurnal	[29]
Eurasian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus)	LM	11-12	Falconiformes	Accipitridae	Diurnal	[30]
Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)	LM	19	Galliformes	Phasianidae	Diurnal	[5]
	SEM, TEM	18				[4]