Anatomy Research International / 2016 / Article / Tab 1 / Review Article
Anatomical Considerations on Surgical Anatomy of the Carotid Bifurcation Table 1 HCB in relation to different anatomic landmarks.
Author Study type/sample HCB (anterior) HCB (posterior) Espalieu et al. [42 ], 1986 Cadaveric (36) Angiographic (50) C2/3: 6%, C3/4: 25%, C4: 65% C4-C5: 4% Lučev et al. [43 ], 2000 Cadaveric (20) Superior level of HB: 12.5% Inferior level of HB: 10% Superior level of TC: 50% Inferior level of TC: 5% Zümre et al. [41 ], 2005 Cadaveric (40) C3 (l): 60% (r): 55% C4 (l): 45% (r): 35% C5 (l): 0% (r): 10% Ito et al. [15 ], 2006 Cadaveric (40) C2, C2/3, C3, C3/4: 31% C4: 58% C4/5: 11% Lo et al. [14 ], 2006 Cadaveric (36) Greater horn of HB: 15% Body of HB: 40% Superior border of TC: 39% Body of TC: 6%
Pai et al. [62 ], 2007 Cadaveric (95) C2 (l): 10% (r): 9% C3 (l): 50% (r): 55% C4 (l), 40% (r): 35% C5 (l): 0% (r): 1% Klosek and Rungruang [6 ], 2008 Cadaveric (43) C2/3: 2.3% C3: 10.4% C3/4: 20.9% C4: 30.2% C4/5: 16.3% C5: 8.1% Al-Rafiah et al. [39 ], 2011 Cadaveric (30) Higher than HB: 3.3% HB: 25% Between HB and TC: 18.3% Superior level of TC: 48.3% Lower than TC: 5% McNamara et al. [12 ], 2015 Angiographic (76) Above AM: 0.7% Same level with AM Below AM: 95.7% Above HB: 62.9% Same level with HB: 26.4% Below HB: 10.7% Above TC: 79.3% Same level with TC: 16.4% Below TC: 4.3%
HB: hyoid bone; TC: thyroid cartilage; AM: angle of mandible; HCB: height of carotid bifurcation.