Burden of Depression among Working-Age Adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Table 5
Economic outcomes by presence of depression among working-age adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015).
RA + depression
RA and no depression
Sig
Wt. mean
SE
Wt. mean
SE
All
= 647
= 2,015
Total healthcare expenditures (2015 $)
17,941
1489
10,064
574
Total out-of-pocket spending by patients/families (2015 $)
$1,443
135
$1,052
73
Adjusted total direct healthcare expenditures of depression from generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link
Wt. mean
95% CI
Wt. mean
95% CI
Sig
Total healthcare expenditures (2015 $)
14,752
(14,411–15,125)
10,541
(10,206–10,806)
Total out-of-pocket spending by patients/families (2015 $)
1,232
(1,202–1265)
979
(955–1,005)
Incremental total direct healthcare expenditures of depression from counterfactual recycled prediction
Wt. mean
95% CI
Total healthcare expenditures (2015 $)
4,212
(4,114, 4318)
Total out-of-pocket spending by patients/their families (2015 $)
253
(247–260)
High out-of-pocket spending burden (>10% income spent on healthcare)
RA + depression
RA and no depression
Wt. col%
Wt. col%
High out-of-pocket spending burden
192
30.7
424
21.3
Fully adjusted model: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of Depression from logistic regression on high out-of-pocket burden
AOR
95% CI
Sig
Depression
1.34
No depression (reference)
Unemployment among working-age adults
RA + depression
RA and no depression
Wt. col%
Wt. col%
Unemployed
452
64.1
900
40.1
Fully adjusted model: adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of depression from logistic regression on unemployment
AOR
95% CI
Sig
Depression
1.55
[1.14, 2.10]
No depression (reference)
Fully adjusted models: total productivity losses by depression from negative binomial regression on missed work Days
Wt. mean
95% CI
Wt. mean
95% CI
Sig
Number of missed work days
9.0
(8.7–9.4)
6.0
(5.7–6.2)
Lost wages
853
(833–873)
571
(558–584)
Incremental total productivity losses associated with depression from counterfactual recycled prediction
Wt. mean
95% CI
Number of missed work days
3.1
(2.9–3.2)
Lost wages
282
(276–289)
Note. Based on 2,662 adults with Rheumatoid Arthritis aged between 18 and 64 years, who were alive during the calendar year. Asterisks represent significant group differences by the presence of depression. The adjusted models squares regressions controlled for the following variables: sex, race/ethnicity, age, region, marital status, education, family poverty status, health insurance, physical health, mental health status, anxiety, multimorbidity, obesity, physical activity, and smoking. Missed work days and lost wages were estimated only for those who were employed; ; .001 ≤ < .01; .01 ≤ < .05.
