Evaluation of Tools and Slicing Techniques for Efficient Verification of UML/OCL Class Diagrams

Table 7

Loosely and tightly coupled classes.

UML relationship	Loosely/tightly coupled	Arc/Edge
Association: lower bound ≥1 (e.g., 1⋯*)	Tightly coupled	→
Association: lower bound = 0 (e.g., 0⋯3)	Loosely coupled	⇢
Generalization, aggregation, and composition	Tightly coupled	—