Associations between Parental Anxiety/Depression and Child Behavior Problems Related to Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Roles of Parenting Stress and Parenting Self-Efficacy

Table 3

Series of regression analyses for parenting stress as mediator child behavior problems and parental self-efficacy.

Regressions	Predictors	R ^2	Adjusted 𝑅^2	Model p	𝐹	𝐵	𝛽	𝑡
Step 1 (predicting parenting self-efficacy)	Child behavior problems	0.025	0.017	0.035	3.36	−.083	−0.157	−1.83*
Step 2 (predicting parenting stress)	Parent age child diag.; Child behavior problems	0.137	0.118	0.0005	6.96	0.227	0.237	2.90**
Step 3 (predicting parenting self-efficacy)	Parent age child diag.; Parenting stress	0.082	0.061	0.006	3.86	−0.120	−0.217	−2.48**
Step 4 (predicting parenting self-efficacy)	Parent age child diag.; (1) Child behavior problems; (2) Parenting stress	0.090	0.062	0.008	3.20	−0.051; −0.106	−.096; −0.191	−1.09; −2.11*

*Significant at 0.05 level.
**Significant at 0.01 level.
Note: Parent age and the child’s autism spectrum diagnosis were entered into the equations as control variables for steps using parental stress based on the aforementioned ANOVA and correlation (i.e., Steps 2, 3, and 4).