Associations between Parental Anxiety/Depression and Child Behavior Problems Related to Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Roles of Parenting Stress and Parenting Self-Efficacy

Table 4

Analysis of self-efficacy as a mediator between parental stress and parental depression/anxiety.

Regressions	Predictors	R ^2	Adjusted 𝑅^2	F	Model p	B	β	t
Step 1 (predicting depression/anxiety)	Parental age child diag. Parenting stress	.223	.204	11.75	.0005	.038	.463	5.56**
Step 2 (predicting parenting self-efficacy)	Parental age child diag. Parenting stress	.082	.061	3.86	.006	−.120	−.217	−2.48**
Step 3 (predicting depression/anxiety)	Parenting self-efficacy	.093	.086	12.79	.0005	−.045	−.306	−3.58**
Step 4 (predicting depression/anxiety)	Parental age child diag.(1) Parenting stress; (2) Parenting self-efficacy	.277	.253	11.59	.0005	.033; −.039	.41; −.26	4.93**; −3.26**

*Significant at 0.05 level.
**Significant at 0.01 level.
Note: Parent age and the child’s autism spectrum diagnosis were entered into the equations as control variables for steps using parental stress based on the aforementioned ANOVA and correlation.