Somatic embryogenesis was achieved in four leguminous tree species, that is, <i  >Acacia catechu</i>, <i  >Acacia arabica</i>, <i  >Hardwickia binata,</i> and <i  >Dalbergia sissoo</i> using immature zygotic embryos as explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.25&#x2013;1.0&#x2009;mg/l Kn  (kinetin) and 2.0&#x2013;3.0&#x2009;mg/l 2,4-D  (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) or NAA (1-napthaleneacetic acid) and 3&#x25; sucrose. MS medium containing 2.0&#x2009;mg/l   2,4-D and 1.0&#x2013;1.5&#x2009;mg/l Kn  was noted to be most effective in inducing friable embryogenic callus (FEC); the number of somatic embryos per culture varied in MS medium supplemented with 1.0&#x2013;2.0&#x2009;mg/l 2,4-D or NAA and  0.25&#x2013;1.5&#x2009;mg/l kinetin. The maximum number of somatic embryos was obtained in MS medium containing 1.5&#x2013;2.0&#x2009;mg/l  2,4-D or NAA and  1.0&#x2013;1.5&#x2009;mg/l kinetin;  proliferation of embryogenic calli was enhanced in cultures having 1.0&#x2013;2.0&#x2009;mg/l  2,4-D, 1.0&#x2013;1.5&#x2009;mg/l kinetin,  and 400&#x2013;600&#x2009;mg/l L-Proline. The somatic embryos  in various shapes and sizes after the first subculture on MS medium supplemented with 0.1&#x2009;mg/l IAA and  0.25&#x2009;mg/l BA; developed shoots and rooted in <svg style="vertical-align:-0.17555pt;width:20.1px;" id="M1" height="10.9125" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 20.1 10.9125" width="20.1"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg> strength MS medium supplemented with 0.1&#x2009;mg/l IBA or IAA. The somatic embryo-derived plantlets were transferred to the field after being hardened in the climate-controlled hardening chamber.

Premananda Das

Somatic Embryogenesis in Four Tree Legumes

Endophytes are microorganisms that reside asymptomatically in the tissues of higher plants and are a promising source of novel organic natural metabolites exhibiting a variety of biological activities. The laboratory of Bioaromas (Unicamp, Brazil) develops research in biotransformation processes and functional evaluation of natural products. With the intent to provide subsidies for studies on endophytic microbes related to areas cited before, this paper focuses particularly on the role of endophytes on the production of anticancer, antimicrobial, and antioxidant compounds and includes examples that illustrate their potential for human use. It also describes biotransformation as an auspicious method to obtain novel bioactive compounds from microbes. Biotransformation allows the production of regio- and stereoselective compounds under mild conditions that can be labeled as “natural,” as discussed in this paper.

Mariana Recco Pimentel

Gustavo Molina

Ana Paula Dionísio

Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior

Gláucia Maria Pastore

The Use of Endophytes to Obtain Bioactive Compounds and Their Application in Biotransformation Process

The effects of amino acids addition on cell growth, glutathione biosynthesis, glutathione distribution, and the intracellular oxidation-reduction environment of <i>Candida utilis</i> SZU 07-01 during selenium enrichment were investigated in this study. Most amino acids under appropriate concentrations have positive effects on cell growth of the yeast strain, except for phenylalanine and proline, compared with the control without amino acid addition. The bioconversion of selenite to organic selenium induced the reduction of glutathione synthesis and intracellular distribution of glutathione. However, amino acids including cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, isoleucine, leucine, and tyrosine could effectively promote the selenium-enriched yeast to elevate glutathione production, especially increasing the intracellular glutathione content. Moreover, addition of these six different amino acids apparently decreased malondialdehyde concentration and recovered the normal intracellular redox environment of the selenium-enriched <i>C. utilis</i> SZU 07-01. The improvement of physiological characteristic of the selenium-enriched yeast by increasing intracellular glutathione content and lowering malondialdehyde content will undoubtedly help to widen application of selenium-enriched yeast as food or feed additives.

Ge Xiaoguang

Wang Dahui

Wei Gongyuan

Nie Min

Shao Na

Improvement of Physiological Characteristic of Selenium-Enriched <i>Candida utilis</i> with Amino Acids Addition

One of the major environmental problems today is hydrocarbon contamination resulting from the activities related to the petrochemical industry. Accidental releases of petroleum products are of particular concern in the environment. Hydrocarbon components have been known to belong to the family of carcinogens and neurotoxic organic pollutants. Currently accepted disposal methods of incineration or burial insecure landfills can become prohibitively expensive when amounts of contaminants are large. Mechanical and chemical methods generally used to remove hydrocarbons from contaminated sites have limited effectiveness and can be expensive. Bioremediation is the promising technology for the treatment of these contaminated sites since it is cost-effective and will lead to complete mineralization. Bioremediation functions basically on biodegradation, which may refer to complete mineralization of organic contaminants into carbon dioxide, water, inorganic compounds, and cell protein or transformation of complex organic contaminants to other simpler organic compounds by biological agents like microorganisms. Many indigenous microorganisms in water and soil are capable of degrading hydrocarbon contaminants. This paper presents an updated overview of petroleum hydrocarbon degradation by microorganisms under different ecosystems.

Nilanjana Das

Preethy Chandran

Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminants: An Overview

A feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of fermented <i  >Terminalia catappa</i> fruit meal (FTCM) with <i  >Aspergillus niger</i> as replacement for maize on broiler growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and serum biochemical constituents. Dietary maize was replaced by FTCM at 0, 20, 40, 60, or 80&#x25;. One hundred and eighty one-day-old Shaver broiler chicks were randomly allocated to the five dietary treatments, three replicate groups of twelve chicks each for a 42-day period. There was no significant difference (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" id="M1" height="11.25" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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		</g>
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</svg>) in the feed intake, weight gain, and feed; gain ratio between the broilers fed on 40&#x25; FTCM diet and the control group. The apparent digestibilities of nitrogen, crude fibre, and fat decreased significantly in broilers fed higher levels (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:10.825px;" id="M2" height="8.8500004" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 10.825 8.8500004" width="10.825"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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</svg>40&#x25;) of FTCM replacement diets compared with the control or lower FTCM diets. Serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, and globulin were decreased (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" id="M3" height="11.25" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">5</tspan>
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</svg>) on 80&#x25; FTCM fed broilers. Serum cholesterol, creatinine, and glucose were not significantly (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" id="M4" height="11.25" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">5</tspan>
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</svg>) altered among treatments. The activities of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases and alkaline phosphatase were significantly (<svg style="vertical-align:-0.30096pt;width:48.337502px;" id="M5" height="11.25" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 48.337502 11.25" width="48.337502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,11.25)">
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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="22.930502" y="0">.</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="26.056252" y="0">0</tspan>
				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="32.307751" y="0">5</tspan>
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</svg>) increased with higher FTCM replacement. The results indicate that FTCM could replace up to 40&#x25; of dietary maize in the diets of broiler chickens without adverse effect on growth performance or serum constituents.

David Friday Apata

Effect of <i>Terminalia catappa</i> Fruit Meal Fermented by <i>Aspergillus niger</i> as Replacement of Maize on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Serum Biochemical Profile of Broiler Chickens

Traditional concoctions sold in marketplaces are always assumed to be safe and efficient; however, they can be potentially toxic because of poor hygienic practices in plant processing or storage. The present study aimed to assess for the microbial quality of market-sold vegetable drugs in Lom&#xe9;. Thus, a total of 209 plant remedies were collected in marketplaces and analysed for the presence of total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, sulphite reducing bacteria, and yeast and moulds according to the French Association of Normalisation (AFNOR) guidelines. The results revealed that all formulations were contaminated by several microorganisms, excepted alcohol-based mixtures. According to AFNOR limits nonconform drugs were according to total aerobic bacteria (86.96&#x25; powders, 81.82&#x25; capsules, 66.67&#x25; tisanes, and 42.11&#x25; decoctions); to total coliforms (9.10&#x25; capsules, 8.70&#x25; powders and 1.75&#x25; decoction); to yeasts and moulds (77.78&#x25; ointments, 40&#x25; calcined powders, 36.36&#x25; capsules, and 23.91&#x25; powders). The microbiological analysis revealed that the majority of contaminating bacteria were gram positive catalase positive and oxidase positive bacilli. Quality control studies on market-sold remedies are currently needed to evaluate the microbial risk in consuming these products and they may allow the standardisation of plant processing and storage.

Comlan de Souza

Yaovi Ameyapoh

Simplice D. Karou

Kokou T. Anani

Madje L. Kpodar

Mensavi Gbeassor

Assessing Market-Sold Remedies in Lom&#xe9; (Togo)  for  Hygienic Quality

<i  >Rosa centifolia</i> and <i  >Rosa gruss an teplitz</i> distillation waste biomass was immobilized using sodium alginate for Pb(II) uptake from aqueous solutions under varied experimental conditions. The maximum Pb(II) adsorption occurred at pH 5. Immobilized rose waste biomasses were modified physically and chemically to enhance Pb(II) removal. The Langmuir sorption isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models fitted well to the adsorption data of Pb(II) by immobilized <i  >Rosa centifolia</i> and <i  >Rosa gruss an teplitz</i>. The adsorbed metal is recovered by treating immobilized biomass with different chemical reagents (<svg style="vertical-align:-3.13504pt;width:43.5625px;" id="M1" height="14.6" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 43.5625 14.6" width="43.5625"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.07,60.37)">
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</svg>, HCl and <svg style="vertical-align:-3.25793pt;width:43.587502px;" id="M2" height="14.75" version="1.1" viewBox="0 0 43.587502 14.75" width="43.587502"  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
	<g transform="matrix(1.25,0,0,-1.25,0,14.75)">
		<g transform="translate(72,-60.2)">
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			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-62.92,60.37)">
				<tspan style="font-size: 8.75px; " x="0" y="0">3</tspan>
			</text>

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				<tspan style="font-size: 12.50px; " x="0" y="0">P</tspan>
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			<text transform="matrix(1,0,0,-1,-42.06,60.37)">
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</svg>) and maximum Pb(II) recovered when treated with sulphuric acid (95.67&#x25;). The presence of cometals Na, Ca(II), Al(III), Cr(III), Cr(VI), and Cu(II), reduced Pb(II) adsorption on <i  >Rosa centifolia</i> and <i  >Rosa gruss an teplitz</i> waste biomass. It can be concluded from the results of the present study that rose waste can be effectively used for the uptake of Pb(II) from aqueous streams.

Tariq Mahmood Ansari

Muhammad Asif Hanif

Abida Mahmood

 Uzma Ijaz

Muhammad Aslam Khan

Raziya Nadeem

Muhammad Ali

Immobilization of Rose Waste Biomass for Uptake of Pb(II) from Aqueous Solutions

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Biotechnology Research International - Table of contents 2011

Biotechnology Research International | Hindawi

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