Restricted Boltzmann Machines for Classification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Figure 1
Operating characteristics of restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) for classification of hepatocellular carcinoma. (a) Sensitivity. (b) Specificity. Serum samples were obtained from 90 normal subjects and 175 newly diagnosed HCC patients. ELISA levels of 12 cancer-associated antibodies were obtained for each individual; as described in the Materials and Methods, the data were then either normalized or dichotomized. Numbers of hidden nodes in the RBMs were systematically varied from two through 16, and associated sensitivities and specificities were determined from 10-fold cross-validation of the normalized or dichotomized data. Sensitivities of the RBMs remain unchanged as the number of hidden nodes increases; and dichotomization of the data results in a loss of sensitivity compared to the normalized (continuous) data. Specificities of the RBMs show more variability than sensitivities; in addition, dichotomization of the data seems to improve the specificities of the RBMs compared to the normalized data.
