Dietary Karaya Saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus Exert Hypocholesterolemic Effects by Suppression of Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis and Promotion of Bile Acid Synthesis in Laying Hens

Table 1

Effect of dietary karaya saponin and R. capsulatus on LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and bile acids in serum, liver, and feces of laying hens.

Parameter	Treatment
	Control	R. capsulatus	Saponin	Saponin + R. capsulatus
Liver
Cholesterol (mM/g)	1.10±0.12^a	0.59±0.09^b	0.61±0.08^b	0.47±0.04^b
Triacylglycerol (mM/g)	1.65±0.15^a	1.12±0.10^b	1.03±0.04^b	0.98±0.03^b
Bile acids (nM/g)	51.9±3.25^a	68.6±3.16^b	70.15±4.22^b	74.4±3.35^b
Fecal
Cholesterol (mM/g)	0.71±0.05^a	0.96±0.11^b	0.98±0.23^b	1.20±0.16^b
Triacylglycerol (mM/g)	0.80±0.17^a	1.20±0.21^b	1.26±0.14^b	1.21±0.12^b
Bile acids (nM/g)	98.0±5.35^a	136.6±6.23^b	143.52±5.54^b	158.04±7.15^c
Serum
Cholesterol (mM/L)	3.91±1.18^a	3.38±0.42^b	3.16±0.32^b	3.07±0.45^b
Triacylglycerol (mM/L)	4.58±0.95^a	4.26±1.03^b	4.29±1.21^b	4.05±1.63^b
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	112.53±3.44^a	96.24±3.26^ab	91.67±4.25^b	80.16±3.45^c
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	46.25±2.36^a	44.31±4.13^ab	50.33±5.24^b	58.81±4.37^b
Yolk
Cholesterol (mM/g)	3.65±0.89^a	3.40±0.74^b	3.38±0.55^b	3.19±0.62^b
Triacylglycerol (mM/g)	23.6±2.16^a	20.7±2.04^b	21.71±3.25^b	19.86±2.66^b

^a−cValues with different superscripts differ significantly (𝑃<.05) in the same row; “a”, “b”, “c” indicate significant difference from each other while “ab” is not significant. Values are mean±SD for 10 laying hens per group. Differences were tested by Duncan multiple range test. HDL= High density lipoprotein; LDL= Low density lipoprotein.