Dietary Karaya Saponin and Rhodobacter capsulatus Exert Hypocholesterolemic Effects by Suppression of Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis and Promotion of Bile Acid Synthesis in Laying Hens

Table 2

Effect of dietary karaya saponin and R. capsulatus on yolk fatty acids.

Fatty acid	Treatment
	Control	R. capsulatus	Saponin	Saponin + R. capsulatus
16 : 0	5.90±0.48^a	6.78±0.99^ab	5.83±0.52^ab	4.08±0.65^b
18 : 0	2.01±0.19	2.81±0.28	1.93±0.17	1.85±0.15
16 : 1	0.71±0.07	1.08±0.16	1.13±0.20	1.11±0.09
18 : 1	7.46±0.88^a	12.36±1.14^b	10.75±1.84^b	14.10±1.65^c
18 : 2	11.87±0.97^a	16.34±1.97^b	18.25±2.01^b	17.44±1.88^b
18 : 3	2.67±0.17^a	4.16±0.53^b	4.33±0.62^b	5.01±0.41^b
MUFA	8.10±0.47^a	12.89±1.16^b	11.75±1.13^ab	14.78±1.23^c
PUFA	14.47±1.05^a	20.50±0.86^b	22.16±1.57^b	22.08±2.11^b
SFA	7.89±0.82	9.59±0.54	7.48±0.43	5.77±0.22
PUFA : SFA	1.81±0.09^a	2.14±0.08^ab	2.91±0.05^b	3.80±0.25^b
(PUFA+MUFA) : SFA	2.82±0.11^a	3.25±0.24^ab	4.50±0.31^b	6.12±0.35^b

^a−cValues with different superscripts differ significantly (𝑃<.05) in the same row; “a”, “b”, “c” indicate significant difference from each other while “ab” is not significant. Values are means±SD (mg/g) for 10 laying hens per group.
Differences were tested by Duncan multiple range test. MUFA= monounsaturated fatty acids, PUSA= polyunsaturated fatty acids, SFA= saturated fatty acids.