Numerical Simulation and Investigation of System Parameters of Sonochemical Process

Table 5

Simulation summary of system temperature (𝑇_𝑜) dependent sonochemical process.

	System temperature
	𝑇=283 K	𝑇=303 K	𝑇=323 K	𝑇=343 K	𝑇=373 K
	Conditions at the first collapse of the bubble
	𝑇max=3989 K	𝑇max=3999 K	𝑇max=3733 K	𝑇max=2683 K	𝑇max=811.7 K
	𝑃max=681.5 MPa	𝑃max=696.7 MPa	𝑃max=623.9 MPa	𝑃max=175.3 MPa	𝑃max=1.79 MPa
	𝑉turb=0.35 m/s	𝑉turb=0.36 m/s	𝑉turb=0.45 m/s	𝑉turb=1.08 m/s	𝑉turb=4.63 m/s
	𝑃AW=24.75 MPa	𝑃AW=24.04 MPa	𝑃AW=21.56 MPa	𝑃AW=4.43 MPa	𝑃AW=220 kPa
	𝑁N2=1.38×10^10	𝑁N2=1.28×10^10	𝑁N2=1.21×10^10	𝑁N2=1.13×10^10	𝑁N2=1.04×10^10
	𝑁O2=3.66×10^9	𝑁O2=3.41×10^9	𝑁O2=3.20×10^9	𝑁O2=3.02×10^9	𝑁O2=2.77×10^9
	𝑁W=7.94×10^8	𝑁W=2.91×10^9	𝑁W=1.23×10^10	𝑁W=8.15×10^10	𝑁W=1.79×10^12
Species	Equilibrium composition of species in the bubble at collapse
	283 K	303 K	323 K	343 K	373 K
N2	7.07×10^−1	6.26×10^−1	4.13×10^−1	1.16×10^−1	6.00×10^−3
O2	1.45×10^−1	1.28×10^−1	8.84×10^−2	2.83×10^−2	2.00×10^−3
H2O	1.63×10^−2	1.41×10^−2	1.21×10^−2	2.80×10^−2	9.93×10^−1
N	1.72×10^−5	1.56×10^−5	3.84×10^−6	—	—
O	6.67×10^−3	5.95×10^−3	2.44×10^−3	5.69×10^−5	—
H	3.21×10^−4	2.83×10^−4	1.06×10^−4	2.57×10^−6	—
O3	1.89×10^−5	1.70×10^−5	8.38×10^−6	2.28×10^−7	—
H2	2.91×10^−4	2.53×10^−4	1.30×10^−4	2.29×10^−5	—
OH	1.08×10^−2	9.51×10^−3	5.27×10^−3	8.08×10^−4	—
HO2	6.31×10^−4	5.59×10^−4	3.25×10^−4	4.22×10^−5	—
H2O2	2.28×10^−5	2.00×10^−5	1.36×10^−5	4.60×10^−6	—
NO	9.51×10^−2	8.47×10^−2	4.72×10^−2	4.57×10^−3	—
NO2	1.90×10^−3	1.70×10^−3	1.04×10^−3	1.11×10^−4	—
N2O	4.01×10^−4	3.61×10^−4	1.88×10^−4	8.69×10^−6	—
NH	1.89×10^−6	1.70×10^−6	—	—	—
HNO	6.67×10^−5	5.95×10^−5	2.74×10^−5	9.69×10^−7	—
HNO2	1.96×10^−4	1.75×10^−4	1.12×10^−4	1.76×10^−5	—

Note: solvent = water, dissolved gas = air, initial bubble size (𝑅₀)=5 µm, static pressure (𝑃₀)=100 kPa, and frequency (𝑓)=20 kHz.