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| Underlying diseases in patients with increased troponin levels |
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| Cardiac contusion, including ablation, pacing, cardioversion, or endomyocardial biopsy | |
| Congestive heart failure-acute and chronic | |
| Aortic dissection, aortic valve disease, or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | |
| Tachy- or bradyarrhythmia, or heart block | |
| Apical ballooning syndrome (TakoTsubo cardiomyopathy) | |
| Rhabdomyolysis with cardiac injury | |
| Pulmonary embolism, severe pulmonary hypertension | |
| Renal failure | |
| Acute neurological disease including stroke, or subarachnoidal hemorrhage | |
| Infiltrative diseases, for example, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, sarcoidosis, and scleroderma | |
| Inflammatory diseases, for example, myocarditis, or myocardial extension of endo/pericarditis | |
| Drug toxicity, for example, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, herceptin, and snake venom | |
| Critically ill patients, especially with respiratory failure, or sepsis | |
| Burns, especially if affecting > 30% of body surface area | |
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