The Clinical Features and Emotional Stressors in Korean Patients with Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy

Table 3

The comparison of echocardiographic findings between the subgroups.

	Total (n = 103)	E group (n = 15)	Other group (n = 88)	P
Initial TTE findings
Ballooning pattern
Typical TTC pattern, n (%)	79 (77)	11 (73)	68 (77)	0.554
Inverted TTC pattern, n (%)	20 (19)	4 (27)	16 (18)
Mid-ventricular pattern, n (%)	4 (4)	0 (0)	4 (5)
Localized pattern, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
LVEF (%)	40.5 ± 8.0	45.7 ± 4.3	39.6 ± 8.2	0.001*
LVEDD (mm)	51.8 ± 6.1	49.5 ± 2.7	52.2 ± 6.9	0.009*
LVESD (mm)	36.9 ± 7.0	30.8 ± 4.8	37.9 ± 6.8	0.001*
LAVI (mL/m^2)	28.2 ± 14.7	22.0 ± 3.8	29.3 ± 15.6	0.077
RVSP (mmHg)	33.7 ± 3.6	33.4 ± 3.2	33.8 ± 3.7	0.696
E/E′	10.8 ± 5.5	10.1 ± 2.9	11.0 ± 5.8	0.638
SAM	13 (13)	3 (20)	10 (11)	0.352
Significant MR, n (%)	25 (24)	5 (33)	20 (23)	0.376
Significant AR, n (%)	6 (6)	2 (13)	4 (5)	0.179
Significant TR, n (%)	15 (15)	4 (27)	11 (13)	0.151
Follow-up TTE findings
LVEF (%)	62.9 ± 4.7	65.4 ± 5.1	62.5 ± 4.5	0.061
LVEDD (mm)	49.7 ± 5.3	50.4 ± 5.0	49.6 ± 5.4	0.664
LVESD (mm)	31.2 ± 4.2	29.6 ± 4.8	31.0 ± 4.1	0.187
LAVI (mL/m^2)	27.6 ± 14.2	25.8 ± 3.4	27.7 ± 15.2	0.684
RVSP (mmHg)	31.8 ± 4.7	31.7 ± 4.7	32.0 ± 4.0	0.280
E/E′	10.5 ± 5.3	11.7 ± 3.1	9.5 ± 3.3	0.478
SAM	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	—
Significant MR, n (%)	9 (9)	2 (13)	7 (8)	0.495
Reversible MR, n (%)	16 (16)	3 (20)	13 (15)	0.605
Significant AR, n (%)	4 (4)	0 (0)	4 (5)	0.400
Significant TR, n (%)	9 (8)	1 (7)	8 (9)	0.224

TTE: transthoracic echocardiography; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVEDD: left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD: left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LAVI: left atrial volume index; RVSP: right ventricular systolic pressure; E/E′: early diastolic mitral inflow velocity/early diastolic annular velocity; SAM: systolic anterior motion of anterior mitral leaflet; MR: mitral regurgitation; TRL: tricuspid regurgitation; AR: aortic regurgitation.
*Significant finding.