Sex Differences in Associations of Depressive Symptoms with Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Metabolic Syndrome among African Americans

Table 3

Adjusted odds of associations between the CES-D (continuous scores) and CVD risk factors (clinical cut-offs) by sex.

Outcome variable	Women				Men
	CES-D scores (0 to 60 points)				CES-D scores (0 to 60 points)
	𝑁	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	𝑃	𝑁	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval	𝑃
Hypertension
High SBP ≥140 or DBP ≥90 mmHg (or  prior hypertension diagnosis/treatment)	573	1.16	1.02, 1.31	.022*	494	1.21	1.03, 1.43	.022*
Abdominal obesity
High WHR ≥0.9 ♂ and ≥0.85 ♀	562	1.14^a	1.00, 1.29	.048*	483	0.99	0.85, 1.15	.869
Dyslipidemia
Hypercholesterolemia: fasting CHOL >240 mg/dL (or treatment)	268	0.98	0.79, 1.22	.876	247	0.94	0.71, 1.24	.652
Low HDL-C <40 ♂ and <50 ♀ mg/dL	254	1.22	1.03, 1.45	.019*	238	0.91	0.70, 1.16	.438
High LDL-C: >160 mg/dL	254	1.09	0.81, 1.46	.584	237	1.45	0.97, 2.16	.073^‡
High TG >200 mg/dL	254	1.17	0.81, 1.70	.407	239	1.09	0.77, 1.55	.631
Diabetes
Fasting GLU ≥126 mg/dL or prior diabetes  diagnosis/treatment	321	0.96	0.78, 1.18	.677	292	1.05	0.79, 1.40	.751
High inflammation
High hsCRP ≥3 mg/L	254	0.98	0.81, 1.18	.845	238	1.16	0.89, 1.50	.269

Odds ratios for outcome variables are based on a 5-unit change in CES-D score.
Significance for the CES-D in models: *𝑃<.05; ^‡𝑃 = .07. ^aThe confidence interval includes 1 due to rounding.
Data shown are for logistic regressions after adjustments for age, poverty status, and BMI; histories of CVD, hypertension, and/or diabetes; medication use (antidiabetes, antihypertensive, cholesterol reduction, anti depressants, and hormone replacement therapy); menopausal status; lifetime histories of smoking and drug use; and alcohol use in past week. (Exceptions: covariates BMI, history of hypertension/antihypertensive medications, history of diabetes/antidiabetes medication, and cholesterol-reduction medication were omitted from the models for WHR, hypertension, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia, resp. Menopause status and hormone replacement therapy were omitted from models for men.)