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Reference | Patient age | Previous symptoms | Presentation | Studies | ACR criteria | Treatment |
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Oliver et al. [2] | 79 | An episode of collapse, decreased vision on left eye, and abdominal pain with segmental small bowel necrosis | New-onset, spontaneous bilateral necrosis of the tongue | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): 78 Ultrasound of temporal artery: thickened artery with halo | Yes | Prednisolone and azathioprine 100 mg/d each |
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Zadik et al. [5] | 78 | Pain of the right head, neck, and shoulder. Fatigue, visual blurring, and weight loss for last 2 mo | Sore tongue, bilateral swelling and pain | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): 69 Ultrasound of left temporal artery revealed occlusion | Yes | Prednisone 60 mg/d |
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Schurr et al. [9] | 66 | Slurred speech, dysphagia for 2 weeks | Swelling of the tongue with a greyish-purple color | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR): 120 CT angio.: 3 cm long stenosis with 50% at left common carotid artery | No | Prednisone 500 mg/d 3 d, then 100 mg/d |
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Sainuddin and Saeed [10] | 82 | | Acute abdominal pain, fever, and intestinal infarction | Autopsy confirmed giant cell arteritis affecting intestine and temporal artery | Yes | |
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Patterson et al. [11] | 88 | Generalized weakness. Painful, swollen, and discolored tongue for 10 days | Ischemic tongue, tender to palpation, and decreased movement | | Yes | Prednisone 40 mg daily |
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