Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors among Adults in Saudi Arabia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2000-2022)

Table 1

Participants’ characteristics of all studies included in the meta-analysis.

Study characteristics							Total population characteristics			Participants with depression
Author (year of publication)	Study area (region)	Study setting	Target population	Depression tool	RR (%)	N-O checklist score	Sample size	Age mean (SD)/median (IQR)	Gender M/F	Prev. no. (%)	Degree of depression				Age (year)	Gender M/F	Marital status Mar/Sig/other
											Mild	Mod.	Mod. severe	Severe
AlHadi et al.; (2022) [12]	Nationwide (all)	Healthcare	HCWs	PHQ-9	13	4	1253	34.05 (8.3)	504/749	609(48.6)	367	134	66	42		210/399
Alrasheedi; and Rabbani; (2022) [13]	Qassim (central)	Healthcare	HCWs	DASS-21	53.8	3	119		90/29	59(49.6)
Bahri et al.; (2022) [14]	Jazan (southern)	Community/public	General population	DASS-21	100+	6	472	23 (21–26)	246/226	235 (49.8)	45	86		104
Aziz et al.; (2022) [15]	Jeddah (western)	Healthcare	HCWs	PHQ-9	91.4	3	256	35.7 (6.9)	72/184	180 (70.3)	87	44	38	11
Bondagji et al.; (2022) [16]	Makkah (western)	Healthcare	HCWs	HADS	43	3	258	29	143/115	54(20.9)						36/18	34/19/1
AlHamad and; AlAmri; (2021) [17]	Riyadh (central)	Community/public	General population	PHQ-9	100+	6	467	27 (10.9)	269/198	347 (74.3)	160	113	47	27
Rizg et al.; (2021) [18]	Jeddah (western)	University	University students	DASS-21	13.3	3	294		134/160	34 (11.6)						6/28
Wali et al.; (2021) [19]	Jeddah (western)	University	University students	PHQ-9	100	5	290		163/127	216 (74.5)	93	63	38	22		110/106
Alharbi; (2021) [20]	Riyadh (central)	University	University students	BDI	50	4	150		0/150	43 (28.7)						0/43	8/34/1
Anwar et al.; (2021) [21]	Hail (northern)	University	University students	BDI	100	3	155	22.6 (1.3)	78/77	91 (58.7)	41	30	19	1		43/48
Almoammar et al.; (2021) [22]	Albaha (southern)	University	University students	PHQ-9	72.6	4	218	23.1 (1.54)	92/126	194 (88.99)	48	68	45	33
Almarhapi and; Khalil (2021) [23]	Tabuk (northern)	Healthcare	HCWs	PHQ-9	100+	3	177	30.6 (5.3)	60/117	71 (40.11)	47	20		4
Mirza et al.; (2021) [24]	Makkah (western)	University	University students	DASS-21	100+	6	465	21.46 (2.0)	198/267	251 (53.97)	60	98	48	45
Alshardi; and Faraha; (2020) [25]	Jeddah (western)	Healthcare	HCWs	PHQ-9	72.8	3	149		79/70	113 (75.8)	53	51		9		51/62	45/68/0
Alothman et al.; (2021) [26]	Riyadh (central)	Healthcare	HCWs	CES-D	70	4	119		70/49	70 (58.8)	24		46			39/31	28/39/3
AlShamlan et al.; (2021) [27]	Dammam (eastern)	University	University students	PHQ-9	96.5	6	527	22.4 (0.96)	239/288	362 (68.7)	155	112	64	31		140/222	45/310/7
Alzahrani et al.; (2021) [28]	Riyadh (central)	University	University students	PHQ-9	85	3	289	21.5 (1.6)	140/149	208 (72.0)	96	59	27	26
Mohammad et al.; (2021) [29]	Makkah (western)	University	University students	DASS-21	100	5	373	22 (1.11)	373/0	186 (49.86)	85	62	17	22		186/0
Alkhamees et al.; (2021) [30]	Qassim (central)	University	University students	PHQ-9	87.1	3	305		144/161	153 (50.2)		73	39	41		46/107	9/144/0
Desouky and; Abu-Zaid; (2021) [31]	Taif (western)	University	University students	BDI	74.5	6	1513	20.58 (1.71)	688/825	494 (32.65)	220	249		25		206/288
Al Balawi et al.; (2019) [32]	Tabuk (northern)	Community/Public	General population	PHQ-9	100	5	384		90/294	284 (74.0)	145	80	29	30		60/224	107/166/11
Hamasha et al.; (2019) [33]	Jeddah (western)	University	University students	BDI	56.9	3	398		208/190	178 (44.7)	82	70		26
AlFaris et al.; (2019) [34]	Riyadh (central)	University	University students	BDI	81	6	460	21.04 (1.55)	234/226	209 (45.4)	108	73		28		101/108
AlFaris et al.; (2019) [35]	Riyadh (central)	Healthcare	HCWs	BDI	76	3	186	26.9	87/99	56 (30.1)	15	26		15		17/39
Albajjar and; Bakarman; (2019) [36]	Albaha (southern)	University	University students	BDI	100	4	182	22.03 (1.94)	182/0	98 (53.8)	62	28		8		98/0	15/83/0
Al Rashed et al.; (2019) [37]	Al-Ahsa (eastern)	Community/Public	General population	PHQ-9	96.3	6	5172		2124/3048	447 (8.6)						152/295
Almalki et al.; (2019) [38]	Riyadh (central)	University	University students	BDI	51.3	3	241	21.7 (2.6)	152/89	142 (58.92)	46	28	38	30		74/68
Bahhawi et al.; (2018) [39]	Jazan (southern)	University	University students	DASS-21	90.16	6	642	22.14 (1.7)	328/314	439 (68.38)	95	214	67	63
AlFahhad; (2018) [40]	Riyadh (central)	Healthcare	HCWs	PHQ-9	100	4	300	33 (8.6)	201/99	66 (22.0)
Alsharif et al.; (2018) [41]	Jeddah (western)	Healthcare	HCWs	BDI	60.9	4	443	37	0/443	55 (12.4)	42	11		2		0/55	47/4/4
Alhassan et al.; (2018) [42]	Nationwide (all)	Community/Public	General population	BDI	83.5	6	935	31.7 (10.98)	316/619	327 (35.0)	112	140		75
Dawood et al.; (2017) [43]	Riyadh (central)	University	University students	BDI	79.7	3	149	21.57 (1.16)	0/149	52 (34.89)	27	4	12	9
Alsalameh et al.; (2017) [44]	Nationwide (all)	University	University students	PHQ-9	100+	6	1171		433/738	723 (61.74)	301	211		211		241/482
Basudan et al.; (2017) [45]	Riyadh (central)	University	University students	DASS-21	95.8	3	247		134/113	138 (55.87)	35	53	21	29
AlFaris et al.; (2016) [46]	Riyadh (central)	University	University students	BDI	79	6	1186	21.34 (1.58)	668/518	259 (21.84)	122	91		46		104/155
Jarwan; (2015) [47]	Makkah (wwwestern)	University	University students	BDI	100	3	136	20.9 (1.1)	63/73	42 (30.9)	25	13		4		17/25
Al Zahrany et al.; (2015) [48]	Taif (western)	Community/Public	General population	BDI	100	4	165	47.5 (13.9)	76/89	71 (43.0)	36	27		8		19/52	56/9/6
Al-Qadhi et al.; (2014) [49]	Riyadh (central)	Community/Public	General population	PHQ-9	86.7	3	477	38 (12)	161/316	238 (49.9)	148	64	21	5
Joury et al.; (2014) [50]	Riyadh (central)	Community/Public	General population	BDI	75.4	3	527		241/286	175 (33.2)	71	79		25
Amr et al.; (2013) [51]	Al-Ahsa (eastern)	University	University students	PHQ-9	100+	7	1696	20.8 (1.9)	1072/624	910 (53.7)	413	329		168		514/396
Al-Amri and Al-Amri; (2013) [52]	Taif (western)	King Fahad Air Base	Military personnel	BDI	100	4	357	33.1 (7.4)	357/0	61 (17.1)	45	12		4			48/13/0
Ibrahim et al.; (2013) [53]	Jeddah (western)	University	University students	HADS	100+	4	426	21.1 (1.4)	0/426	58 (13.6)
AL-Faris et al.; (2012) [54]	Riyadh (central)	University	University students	BDI	95	6	796	21.63 (1.57)	590/206	384 (48.2)	165	132		87		265/119	13/367/4
Abbas et al.; (2012) [55]	Riyadh (central)	Healthcare	HCWs	HADS	55	3	715	35.2 (8.2)	83/632	69 (9.65)						22/47	44/18/7
Abdelwahid and; Al-shahrani; (2011) [56]	Sharurah (southern)	Community/Public	General population	PHQ-9	97	4	272	29.9 (7.1)	116/156	33 (12.1)	25	3	3	2		24/9	27/6/0
Inam; (2007) [57]	Qassim (central)	University	University students	AKUADS	83.9	3	302		198/104	151 (50.0)						88/63

AKUADS: The Aga Khan University Anxiety and Depression Scale; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory; CES-D: The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression; DASS-21: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale; F: female; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HCWs: healthcare workers; IQR: interquartile range; M: male; Mar: married; Mod.: moderate; N-O: Newcastle-Ottawa scale; PHQ-9: Patient Health Questionnaire; Prev.: prevalence; RR: response rate; SD: standard deviation; Sin: single.