| | Author (year of publication) | Associated factors | Strength of association |
| | AlHadi et al. (2022) [12] | Female gender | , 95% CI (1.33–2.45), |
| | Alrasheedi and Rabbani (2022) [13] | Not passing the promotion exam in the first attempt | , 95% CI (1.45–13.5) | | Internal medicine speciality compared to family medicine | , 95% CI (1.22–12.66) |
| | Bahri et al. (2022) [14] | Female gender | , 95% CI (1.2–2.7), |
| | Aziz et al. (2022) [15] | Female gender | , 95% CI (1.56–13.87), | | Presence of work stressor | , 95% CI (1.15–8.24), |
| | Bondagji et al. (2022) [16] | Far from enough sleep amount | , 95% CI (1.0–11.2), | | Injustice in workplace | , 95% CI (1.2–3.3), | | Loneliness | , 95% CI (1.7–4.4), |
| | AlHamad and AlAmri (2021) [17] | Female gender | , | | Basic social media usage | r =0.211, | | Social media interaction usage | r =0.100, | | Social media display usage | r =0.161, |
| | Almarhapi and Khalil (2021) [23] | Loosing beloved person in the last 6 months | , 95% CI (1.84–7.3), |
| | Mirza et al. (2021) [24] | Female gender | , 95% CI (1.15–3.93), | | Presence of family conflicts | , 95% CI (1.02–3.26), | | Presence of psychiatric condition | , 95% CI (1.32–86.38), | | Travel time from home to university | , 95% CI (1.02–2.19), | | Being at senior academic year | , 95% CI (1.29–4.95), |
| | Alshardi and Faraha (2020) [25] | Female gender | , 95% CI (0.93–4.81), | | Being single | , 95% CI (1.13–7.01), | | Having medical problem | , 95% CI (1.12–80.05), | | Being at a higher residency level | , 95% CI (1.31–28.93), | | Residents in surgery program | , 95% CI (1.13–5.98), | | Residents in emergency program | , 95% CI (1.08–22.2), |
| | AlShamlan et al. (2020) [27] | Being not ready for speciality | , 95% CI (1.21–4.1), | | Female gender | , 95% CI (1.24–2.93), |
| | Alzahrani et al. (2020) [28] | Exposure to stress | , 95% CI (1.17–1.36), |
| | Alkhamees et al. (2020) [30] | Female gender | , 95% CI (2.88–7.91), | | Exposure to high emotional exhaustion | , 95% CI (3.59–11.9), | | Exposure to high cynicism | , 95% CI (2.21–11.22), |
| | Al Balawi et al. (2019) [32] | Lack of social support | , 95% CI (1.03–4.07), | | Disturbed marriage | , 95% CI (1.23–9.98), | | Financial problems | , 95% CI (1.16–4.85), | | Stressful experience | , 95% CI (2.58–8.71), | | Family history of depression | , 95% CI (1.23–6.14), | | Sleep disorders | , 95% CI (1.16–4.3), |
| | Hamasha et al. (2019) [33] | Presence of psychological problem | , 95% CI (1.15–15.34), | | Poor social life | , 95% CI (1.62–3.44), | | Recent loss of family members | , 95% CI (1.11–4.07), |
| | Al Rashed et al. (2019) [37] | Having difficulties at work and home | , 95% CI (4.2–8.05), | | Lower education level | , 95% CI (1.21–1.88), |
| | Alhassan et al. (2018) [42] | Low education level | , adjusted | | Higher smartphone addiction | , adjusted |
| | Dawood et al. (2017) [43] | Low GPA scores | , | | Less educated parents | , | | Low satisfaction with social support | , |
| | Basudan et al. (2017) [45] | Low satisfaction with relationship with peers | , | | Low satisfaction with relationship with college faculty | , |
| | Jarwan (2015) [47] | History of loss of first-grade relative in the last year | , 95% CI (1.08–9.68) | | History of depression | , 95% CI (1.46–8.51) |
| | Amr et al. (2013) [51] | Nature of the educational stream | , 95% CI (1.01–1.4), | | Female gender | , 95% CI (1.3–3.44), | | Presence of financial problems | , 95% CI (1.00–3.06), | | Presence of educational problems | , 95% CI (1.42–3.61), | | Presence of personal problems | , 95% CI (1.29–3.48), |
| | Al-Amri and Al-Amri, 2013 [52] | Having female siblings only | , 95% CI (1.05–7.17), | | Having problems with relation with supervisors | , 95% CI (1.13–33.95), | | Having problems with relation with relatives | , 95% CI (1.47–8.79), |
| | Ibrahim et al. (2013) [53] | Condensed courses | , 95% CI (1.04–3.45), | | Feeling no cooperation | , 95% CI (1.24–3.67), | | Emotional failure | , 95% CI (1.04–3.15), | | History of loss of a close friend | , 95% CI (1.11–3.64), | | Presence of anxiety | , 95% CI (1.85–5.82), |
| | Abdelwahid and Al-Shahrani (2011) [56] | Occupational status (employee vs. nonemployee) | , 95% CI (1.14–20.30), | | Housing condition (living in a room vs. flat or villa) | , 95% CI (1.28–18.09), |
| | Inam (2007) [57] | Female gender | , 95% CI (1.3–28.7), |
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