Risk Factors, Prognosis, Influence on the Offspring, and Genetic Architecture of Perinatal Depression Classified Based on the Depressive Symptom Trajectory

Table 2

Relationship between PD subtypes and child behavior problems at 5 years of age.

	Pregnancy PD			Early postpartum PD			Late postpartum PD			Chronic PD
	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value	OR	95% CI	value
Internalizing problems
Crude	2.24	1.76, 2.86	<0.001	2.42	1.85, 3.17	<0.001	2.49	1.68, 3.67	<0.001	4.06	3.26, 5.06	<0.001
Risk factors adjusted	1.67	1.29, 2.16	<0.001	1.75	1.32, 2.32	<0.001	2.07	1.38, 3.09	<0.001	2.59	2.01, 3.33	<0.001
Risk factors and current K6 adjusted	1.50	1.15, 1.95	0.003	1.55	1.17, 2.07	0.002	1.70	1.13, 2.56	0.011	1.99	1.53, 2.60	<0.001
Externalizing problems
Crude	2.22	1.73, 2.84	<0.001	1.83	1.36, 2.46	<0.001	1.95	1.27, 2.99	0.002	4.38	3.52, 5.46	<0.001
Risk factors adjusted	1.70	1.30, 2.23	<0.001	1.41	1.03, 1.93	0.030	1.70	1.10, 2.64	0.018	2.94	2.27, 3.80	<0.001
Risk factors and current K6 adjusted	1.56	1.19, 2.05	0.001	1.28	0.93, 1.75	0.126	1.44	0.92, 2.25	0.108	2.37	1.82, 3.10	<0.001
Total problems
Crude	2.53	1.98, 3.23	<0.001	2.22	1.67, 2.97	<0.001	2.60	1.74, 3.88	<0.001	5.12	4.12, 6.38	<0.001
Risk factors adjusted	1.89	1.45, 2.45	<0.001	1.65	1.22, 2.24	0.001	2.18	1.44, 3.29	<0.001	3.26	2.53, 4.20	<0.001
Risk factors and current K6 adjusted	1.71	1.31, 2.24	<0.001	1.48	1.09, 2.01	0.012	1.82	1.20, 2.77	0.005	2.59	1.99, 3.37	<0.001

PD: perinatal depression; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; K6: Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. The cutoffs were 11, 16, and 39 for internalizing, externalizing, and total problems, respectively. Risk factors adjusted model included all variables in the risk factor analysis (age, educational attainment, household income, family history of major depressive disorder, acceptance of pregnancy, social isolation, marital status, neuroticism trait, house damages by the earthquake, acquaintance deaths during the earthquake, overweight, neonate sex, primipara, multiple births, delivery mode, and pregnancy complications) as covariates. Risk factors and current K6 adjusted model included K6 scores at 5 years postpartum in addition to the covariates in the risk factors adjusted model.