Potential Applications of Immobilized β-Galactosidase in Food Processing Industries

Table 2

Different sources of β-galactosidase and methods of immobilization.

Immobilization  method	Source of β-galactosidase	Immobilizing agents	References
(1) Physical adsorption	K. fragilis and K. lactis	Chitosan	[6]
	A. oryzae	Phenol-formaldehyde resin	[69]
	A. oryzae	Polyvinyl chloride and Silica gel membrane	[51]
	E. coli	Chromosorb-W	[52]
	B. circulans	Polyvinyl chloride and Silica	[53]
	B. stearothermophilus	Chitosan	[54]
	A. niger	Porous ceramic monolith	[70]
	K. fragilis	Chitosan bead	[2]
	K. fragilis	Chitosan	[71]
	K. lactis	CPC-silica and agarose	[72]
	Thermus sp. T2	PEI- sepabeads, DEAE-agarose	[55]
	K. fragilis	Cellulose beads	[14]
	A. oryzae	Celite and chitosan	[73]
	Pisum sativum	Sephadex G-75 and chitosan beads	[56]
(2) Entrapment	K. bulgaricus	Alginate using BaCl3	[57]
	E. coli	Polyacrylamide gel	[58]
	A. oryzae	Nylon-6 and zeolite	[62]
	Thermus aquaticus YT-1	Agarose bead	[59]
	A. oryza	Spongy polyvinyl alcohol Cryogel	[60]
	Penicillium expansum F3	Calcium alginate	[23]
	K. lactis, A. oryzae Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Poly(vinylalcohol) hydrogel	[7]
(3) Covalent Binding	L. bulgaricus	Egg shells	[61]
	S. anamensis	Calcium alginate	[74]
	E. coli	Hen egg white	[75]
	E. coli	Polyvinyl alcohol	[76]
	A. oryzae	Silica gel activated with TiCl3 and FeCl3	[77]
	E. coli (Recombinant β-galactosidase)	Cyanuric chloride-activated cellulose	[66]
	K. lactis	Corn grits	[78]
	E. coli	Gelatin	[63]
	K. lactis	Thiosulfinate/thiosulfonate	[79]
	B. circulans	Eupergit C (Spherical acrylic polymer)	[65]
	K. fragilis	Silica-alumina	[64]
	K. lactis	Graphite surface	[68]
	A. oryzae	Chitosan bead and nylon membrane	[80]
	A. oryzae	Cotton cloth and activated	[81]
		With tosyl chloride
	A. oryzae	Amino-epoxy sepabead	[67]
	K. latis	Cotton fabric	[82]
	A. niger	Magnetic polysiloxane-polyvinyl alcohol	[83]
	A. oryzae	Silica	[84]
	A. oryzae	Polyvinylalcoheol hydrogel and magnetic Fe3O4-chitosan as supporting agent	[85]