Chemical and Physicochemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review

Table 4

Capital costs of different pretreatment technologies (adapted from [138]).

Pretreatment method	Pretreatment direct fixed capital, $MM	Pretreatment breakdown, % Reactor/% other	Total fixed capital, $MM	Ethanol production, MM gal/yr	Total fixed capital, $/gal annual capacity
Dilute acid	25.0	64/36	208.6	56.1	3.72
Hot water	4.5	100/0	200.9	44.0	4.57
AFEX	25.7	26/74	211.5	56.8	3.72
ARP	28.3	25/75	210.9	46.3	4.56
Lime	22.3	19/81	163.6	48.9	3.35
No pretreatment	0	—	200.3	9.0	22.26
Ideal pretreatment	0	—	162.5	64.7	2.51