Control of Genetically Prescribed Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activities by Environment-Linked Redox Reactions

Figure 3

Suggested crosstalk between the genetically prescribed system in living organisms and environments through chemical or redox reactions in the signal transduction for either cell activation or cell death. The genetically prescribed signaling system includes noncovalent bond-oriented interaction between receptors and specific ligands and subsequent activation of PTKs, serine/threonine kinases, and transcriptional factors. This system is regulated by environment-linked covalent bond-mediated redox reactions, which primarily attack cell surface receptors in association with cell membrane lipid rafts, resulting in intracellular production of ROS. ROS might directly or indirectly affect PTKs, ASK-1, or mitochondria for promotion of subsequent signal transduction, which ultimately leads to either cell activation/growth or cell death.