Prenatal Maternal Stress and Physical Abuse among Homeless Women and Infant Health Outcomes in the United States

Table 2

Homeless status according to selected pregnancy and morbidity variables among women completing the PRAMS survey in 31 participating cities/states, 2000–2007.

	Homeless		Non-homeless			Homeless versus Non-homeless
	No.*	%*	No.*	%*	P value^†	Odds Ratio^‡	95% CI^‡
Previous live birth
Yes	271,724	64	5,882,289	58	<.001	1.00
No	156,161	36	4,253,935	42		0.69	0.64–0.74
Previous low birth weight^δ
Yes	53,707	21	591,493	10	<.001	1.00
No	203,297	79	5,047,475	90		0.59	0.52–0.65
Previous premature birth^δ
Yes	41,539	16	4,976,926	12	<.001	1.00
No	221,018	84	668,761	88		0.80	0.71–0.90
Prenatal care early as wanted
Yes	298,052	69	8,371,517	82	<.001	1.00
No	131,279	30	1,731,623	17		1.76	1.63–1.90
Did not want	4,715	1	45,170	1		2.53	1.82–3.52
Preterm labor
Yes	132,731	31	2,545,315	25	<.001	1.00
No	300,730	69	7,615,461	75		0.73	0.68–0.79
Vaginal bleeding
Yes	72,666	17	1,588,901	16	.033	1.00
No	357,266	83	8,558,210	84		0.86	0.78–0.83
Nausea
Yes	163,993	38	2,809,289	28	<.001	1.00
No	268,307	62	7,352,693	72		0.70	0.66–0.75
Kidney/bladder infection
Yes	122,303	28	1,813,790	18	<.001	1.00
No	310,854	72	8,336,483	82		0.63	0.58–0.68

Note: Of the 31 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) cities/states Montana and Vermont did not collect information on ethnicity. *Estimates were weighted to represent all homeless women who gave birth.
^†Based on the Rao-Scott chi-square.
^‡Based on weighted data, with the estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for maternal age, race, ethnicity, marital status, and region.
^δLimited to those with a previous live birth.