Prenatal Maternal Stress and Physical Abuse among Homeless Women and Infant Health Outcomes in the United States

Table 3

Homeless status according to selected stress variables among women completing the PRAMS survey in 31-participating cities/states, 2000–2007.

	Homeless		Non-homeless			Homeless versus Non-homeless
Stress because…	No.*	%*	No.*	%*	P value^†	Odds ratio^‡	95% CI^‡
Family member ill
Yes	109,608	25	2,614,848	26	.492	1.00
No	326,797	75	7,591,618	74		0.82	0.76–0.89
Divorce
Yes	128,954	30	899,462	9	<.001	1.00
No	307,120	70	9,313,874	91		0.29	0.27–0.32
Moved
Yes	277,698	64	3,559,225	35	<.001	1.00
No	159,223	36	6,659,451	65		0.31	0.29–0.33
Partner lost job
Yes	133,001	31	1,259,603	12	<.001	1.00
No	296,101	69	8,931,838	88		0.35	0.33–0.38
Lost job
Yes	144,256	34	1,023,845	10	<.001	1.00
No	281,662	66	9,170,578	90		0.30	0.28–0.32
Argument with partner
Yes	186,504	43	2,762,782	27	<.001	1.00
No	249,447	57	7,436,843	73		0.54	0.50–0.58
Partner did not want pregnancy
Yes	95,989	22	889,597	9	<.001	1.00
No	338,051	78	9,315,897	91		0.40	0.37–0.44
Bills you could not pay
Yes	207,260	47	2,459,949	24	<.001	1.00
No	229,239	53	7,740,287	76		0.40	0.37–0.42
In fight
Yes	80,257	18	404,808	4	<.001	1.00
No	355,058	82	9,792,609	96		0.20	0.18–0.22
Partner went to jail
Yes	74,502	17	433,255	4	<.001	1.00
No	362,923	83	9,775,152	96		0.23	0.20–0.25
Drugs
Yes	116,998	27	1,248,539	12	<.001	1.00
No	320,583	73	8,966,179	88		0.35	0.33–0.38
Someone close died
Yes	106,017	24	1,859,160	18	<.001	1.00
No	331,592	76	8,348,188	82		0.68	0.62–0.73

Note: Of the 31 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) cities/states Montana and Vermont did not collect information on ethnicity. *Estimates were weighted to represent all homeless women who gave birth.
^†Based on the Rao-Scott chi-square.
^‡Based on weighted data, with the estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for maternal age, race, ethnicity, marital status, and region.