Prenatal Maternal Stress and Physical Abuse among Homeless Women and Infant Health Outcomes in the United States

Table 4

Homeless status according to selected physical abuse variables among women completing the PRAMS survey in 31-participating cities/states, 2000–2007.

	Homeless		Non-homeless			Homeless versus Non-homeless
	No.*	%*	No.*	%*	P value^†	Odds ratio^‡	95% CI^‡
Physical abuse before pregnancy—Husband
Yes	65,648	15	378,206	4	<.001	1.00
No	368,886	85	9,773,874	96		0.25	0.23–0.28
Physical abuse before pregnancy—Anyone else
Yes	26,871	9	122,456	2	<.001	1.00
No	261,745	91	6,054,159	98		0.22	0.19–0.26
Physical abuse during pregnancy—Husband^δ
Yes	53,196	12	291,961	3	<.001	1.00
No	380,775	88	9,855,224	97		0.26	0.23–0.30
Physical abuse during pregnancy—Anyone else^δ
Yes	18,313	6	82,855	1	<.001	1.00
No	269,532	94	6,089,211	99		0.24	0.23–0.30

Note: Of the 31 Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) cities/states Montana and Vermont did not collect information on ethnicity. *Estimates were weighted to represent all homeless women who gave birth.
^†Based on the Rao-Scott chi-square.
^‡Based on weighted data, with the estimated odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals adjusted for maternal age, race, ethnicity, marital status, and region.
^δOf the 31 PRAMS cities/states, Oregon and New York City did not collect information on these variables.