Prenatal Maternal Stress and Physical Abuse among Homeless Women and Infant Health Outcomes in the United States
Table 6
Birth weight (grams) according to homeless status, pregnancy and health variables, and stress and abuse variables among women completing the PRAMS survey in 31 participating cities/states, 2000–2007.
Homeless
Non-homeless
Interaction
Estimate*
SE*
P value†
Estimate*
SE*
P value†
P value
Pregnancy and health
Previous live birth
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
−42.14
2.24
<.001
−95.87
−0.37
<.001
Previous low birth weight
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
279.61
2.52
<.001
359.66
0.72
<.001
Previous premature birth
Yes
0.00
0.00
.004
No
313.95
2.90
<.001
321.59
0.78
<.001
Prenatal care early
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
−44.82
2.50
<.001
−20.08
0.52
<.001
Did not want
−212.37
2.75
<.001
−85.61
2.60
<.001
Preterm labor
Yes
1.00
1.00
.114
No
234.10
2.40
<.001
240.93
0.43
<.001
Vaginal bleeding
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
189.46
2.97
<.001
166.72
0.50
<.001
Nausea
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
70.81
2.07
<.001
55.95
0.41
<.001
Kidney/bladder infection
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
55.66
2.43
<.001
37.32
0.52
<.001
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
Underweight
0.00
0.00
<.001
Normal weight
59.32
4.82
<.001
141.74
0.84
<.001
Overweight
147.42
5.03
<.001
215.65
0.89
<.001
Class I & II obesity
176.82
5.39
<.001
233.36
0.94
<.001
Class III obesity
192.42
6.44
<.001
259.52
1.33
<.001
Missing
90.16
5.04
<.001
192.53
1.12
<.001
Stress
Family member ill
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
27.23
2.55
<.001
8.79
0.41
<.001
Divorce
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
6.97
2.50
.005
30.11
0.75
<.001
Moved
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
2.95
1.90
0.120
6.74
0.39
<.001
Partner lost job
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
17.94
2.43
<.001
8.99
0.57
<.001
Lost job
Yes
0.00
0.00
.090
No
17.83
2.19
<.001
26.23
0.60
<.001
Argument with partner
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
33.65
2.33
<.001
13.92
0.42
<.001
Partner did not want pregnancy
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
25.02
2.62
<.001
8.82
0.67
<.001
Bills you could not pay
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
16.25
2.00
<.001
22.19
0.44
<.001
In fight
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
55.67
3.48
<.001
43.34
1.03
<.001
Partner went to jail
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
58.06
3.45
<.001
27.28
1.03
<.001
Drugs
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
75.80
2.89
<.001
18.13
0.60
<.001
Someone close died
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
−4.22
2.37
.075
24.78
0.47
<.001
Abuse
Abuse before pregnancy—Husband
Yes
0.00
0.00
No
41.83
3.92
<.001
30.33
1.08
<.001
.065
Abuse before pregnancy—Anyone else
Yes
0.00
0.00
<.001
No
6.84
0.44
<.001
29.77
0.10
<.001
PRAMS: Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System.
*Estimates were weighted to represent all homeless women who gave birth and each variable estimate was adjusted for maternal age, race, ethnicity, region, maternal education, and marital status. †Based on the F statistic.
