Research Article
Workplace Violence: A Survey of Nationally Registered Emergency Medical Services Professionals
Table 2
(a) Characteristics of EMTs experiencing different types of violence. (b) Characteristics of EMTs experiencing different types of violence.
| (a) |
| | Variable | Ever cursed/threatened | Ever punched/slapped/scratched | Ever been spat upon | | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) |
| | Level of EMT practice | | | | | | | | Paramedic () | 92.0 | 1.00 | 70.4 | 1.00 | 67.4 | 1.00 | | EMT-basic () | 53.7 | 0.10 (0.07–0.15 | 32.7 | 0.20 (0.16–0.27 | 27.4 | 0.18 (0.14–0.24 | | EMT gender | | | | | | | | Male () | 71.2 | 1.00 | 48.6 | 1.00 | 43.1 | 1.00 | | Female () | 58.3 | 0.57 (0.43–0.75 | 39.3 | 0.68 (0.52–0.90 | 36.4 | 0.76 (0.58–1.00 | | EMT experience | | | | | | | | <5 years () | 55.8 | 0.25 (0.15–0.39 | 34.6 | 0.30 (0.21–0.44 | 28.4 | 0.22 (0.15–0.32 | | 5–10 years () | 80.4 | 0.80 (0.45–1.41) | 56.7 | 0.75 (0.50–1.13) | 53.7 | 0.64 (0.42–0.97) | | >10 years () | 83.7 | 1.00 | 63.6 | 1.00 | 64.4 | 1.00 | | Type of service | | | | | | | Non-fire-based
() | 63.8 | 1.00 | 44.6 | 1.00 | 37.0 | 1.00 | | Fire-based () | 71.1 | 1.40 (1.03–1.91 | 44.1 | 0.98 (0.74–1.30) | 45.6 | 1.43 (1.08–1.90 | | Community size | | | | | | | Urban (>150,000)
() | 81.4 | 1.00 | 58.4 | 1.00 | 58.2 | 1.00 | Other (≤149,999)
() | 63.1 | 0.39 (0.27–0.57 | 41.8 | 0.51 (0.35–0.69 | 36.5 | 0.41 (0.31–0.56 | | Type of EMS work | | | | | | | All emergency related
() | 65.7 | 0.81 (0.61–1.08) | 40.9 | 0.65 (0.50–0.84 | 39.3 | 0.83 (0.64–1.07) | Not all emergency
() | 70.3 | 1.00 | 51.5 | 1.00 | 44.0 | 1.00 | | EMT marital status | | | | | | | Married/cohabiting
() | 67.2 | 1.36 (0.66–2.83) | 45.1 | 0.79 (0.40–1.58) | 42.0 | 0.78 (0.39–1.56) | Divorced/separated
() | 67.9 | 1.41 (0.66–3.03) | 46.7 | 0.85 (0.41–1.75) | 37.9 | 0.66 (0.32–1.36) | Never married/widowed
() | 60.1 | 1.00 | 50.8 | 1.00 | 48.1 | 1.00 | | EMT adequately trained to restrain violent patients | | | | | | | | Yes () | 69.6 | 1.00 | 48.4 | 1.00 | 43.5 | 1.00 | | No () | 63.7 | 0.77 (0.58–1.01) | 42.3 | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) | 38.0 | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) | | Body armor ever used by EMT | | | | | | | | Yes () | 74.1 | 1.00 | 52.8 | 1.00 | 49.9 | 1.00 | | No ( = 1,002) | 65.5 | 0.66 (0.43–1.03) | 44.3 | 0.71 (0.49–1.03) | 39.5 | 0.66 (0.45–0.95 |
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Note: ’s are the minimum cell size for the indicated row.
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| (b) |
| | Variable | Ever stabbed/stabbing attempt | Ever shot/shooting attempt | | % | OR (95% CI) | % | OR (95% CI) |
| | Level of EMT practice | | | | | | Paramedic () | 7.8 | 1.00 | 6.6 | 1.00 | | EMT-basic () | 1.9 | 0.23 (0.12–0.45 | 2.2 | 0.32 (0.16–0.65 | | EMT gender | | | | | | Male () | 4.9 | 1.00 | 3.8 | 1.00 | | Female () | 2.1 | 0.41 (0.20–0.86 | 3.5 | 0.91 (0.44–1.87) | | EMT experience | | | | | | <5 years () | 2.0 | 0.27 (0.13–0.60 | 2.0 | 0.23 (0.09–0.55 | | 5–10 years () | 4.7 | 0.66 (0.31–1.41) | 3.9 | 0.46 (0.20–1.07) | | >10 years () | 7.0 | 1.00 | 8.1 | 1.00 | | Type of service | | | | | | Non-Fire-based () | 3.1 | 1.00 | 3.5 | 1.00 | | Fire-based () | 4.2 | 1.39 (0.73–2.63) | 3.6 | 1.05 (0.51–2.18) | | Community size | | | | | Urban (>150,000)
() | 9.4 | 1.00 | 7.9 | 1.00 | Other (≤149,999)
() | 2.4 | 0.24 (0.13–0.43 | 2.6 | 0.31 (0.16–0.61 | | Type of EMS work | | | | | All emergency related
() | 3.9 | 1.03 (0.57–1.86) | 3.0 | 0.69 (0.35–1.36) | Not all emergency
() | 3.8 | 1.00 | 4.4 | 1.00 | | EMT marital status | | | | | Married/cohabiting
() | 3.9 | 0.21 (0.08–0.53 | 3.2 | 0.40 (0.10–1.71) | Divorced/separated
() | 2.3 | 0.12 (0.04–0.40 | 4.6 | 0.59 (0.13–2.69) | Never married/widowed
() | 16.3 | 1.00 | 7.6 | 1.00 | | EMT adequately trained to restrain violent patients | | | | | | Yes () | 4.6 | 1.00 | 3.8 | 1.00 | | No () | 3.2 | 0.69 (0.38–1.24) | 3.6 | 0.95 (0.49–1.82) | | Body armor ever used by EMT | | | | | | Yes () | 6.9 | 1.00 | 7.0 | 1.00 | | No () | 3.5 | 0.48 (0.25–0.93 | 3.2 | 0.44 (0.21–0.91 |
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; ; ; .
Note: ’s are the minimum cell size for the indicated row.
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