Radiation May Indirectly Impair Growth Resulting in Reduced Standing Height via Subclinical Inflammation in Atomic-Bomb Survivors Exposed at Young Ages
Table 3
Results of structural equation model (SEM: M1, M2, and M3) analysis with all ages (0–<25 years) for both sexes combined and by sex. Intercepts were excluded.
Variable
Factor loading in CFA: M1+
Both sexes ( = 3327)
Males ( = 1143)
Females ( = 2184)
Estimate
SE
Estimate
SE
Estimate
SE
WBC
0.642
0.045
<0.001
0.774
0.092
<0.001
0.574
0.055
<0.001
SA
1.000
0.000
—
1.000
0.000
—
1.000
0.000
—
ESR
0.651
0.030
<0.001
0.566
0.028
<0.001
0.703
0.035
<0.001
1 glob
0.029
0.002
<0.001
0.035
0.003
<0.001
0.026
0.002
<0.001
2 glob
0.111
0.005
<0.001
0.119
0.007
<0.001
0.103
0.005
<0.001
Linear regression analysis of standing height: M2++
City
−0.584
0.205
0.004
−0.063
0.353
0.858
−0.879
0.240
<0.001
Sex
−11.25
0.218
<0.001
—
—
—
—
—
—
ATB/10
−1.482
0.153
<0.001
−2.090
0.287
<0.001
−1.201
0.181
<0.001
Dose
−0.663
0.133
<0.001
−0.622
0.221
0.005
−0.696
0.165
<0.001
BMI/10
−1.321
0.381
0.001
−1.564
0.820
0.056
−1.295
0.441
0.003
Infl. index
−0.035
0.012
0.004
−0.027
0.023
0.243
−0.037
0.013
0.006
0.509
0.051
0.044
Linear regression analysis of inflammatory index: M3++
City
−1.347
0.329
<0.001
−2.063
0.540
<0.001
−0.890
0.429
0.038
Sex
0.859
0.491
0.080
—
—
—
—
—
—
ATB/10
2.326
0.258
<0.001
2.213
0.403
<0.001
2.293
0.325
<0.001
Dose
1.086
0.214
<0.001
1.311
0.317
<0.001
0.858
0.279
0.002
BMI/10
2.100
0.598
<0.001
0.126
1.083
0.907
2.995
0.723
<0.001
Cancer
0.338
0.694
0.626
−1.441
1.420
0.310
0.954
0.843
0.258
Infl. dis.
0.562
0.311
0.071
0.942
0.515
0.068
0.395
0.392
0.314
DM
2.652
0.675
<0.001
0.710
0.828
0.391
4.243
1.078
<0.001
SMK
2.880
0.461
<0.001
3.403
0.520
<0.001
1.957
0.701
0.005
0.156
0.170
0.127
Two-sided value; confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to produce a summary inflammatory index from five inflammatory markers. WBC is white blood cell count, SA is sialic acid for which the factor loading was set to 1.0 for each and both sexes, ESR is corrected erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 1 glob is 1 globulin, and 2 glob is alpha 2 globulin; City (Naga(1)/Hiro(0)), Sex (female(1)/male(0)), ATB/10 is age at exposure (year) per 10 years, Dose is bone marrow dose (Gy), BMI/10: body mass index (weight (kg)/height2(m2)) per 10, Infl. index is inflammatory index, Cancer is cancer indicator, Infl. dis. is inflammatory disease indicator, DM is diabetes indicator, and SMK is smoker indicator.
