Risk Factors for Infection with Soil Transmitted Helminths, Cryptosporidium spp., and Giardia duodenalis in Children Enrolled in Preschools in Kafue District, Zambia
Table 2
Distribution of factors, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for infection with Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm among 311 children from eight Zambian preschools (bivariate analyses).
Factor
Ascaris lumbricoides
Hookworm
Infected
OR (95% CI)1
Infected
OR (95% CI)1
Education level
Secondary/tertiary
160
13
1.00
0.04
11
1.00
0.19
None/primary
151
26
2.35 (1.02–5.41)
16
1.61 (0.79–3.25)
Number of people in h/hold
3
196
23
1.00
0.47
21
1.00
0.19
3
115
16
1.22 (0.71–2.07)
6
0.46 (0.14–1.46)
Presence of a toilet
Yes
269
32
1.00
0.57
24
1.00
0.84
No
42
7
1.48 (0.38–5.75)
3
0.79 (0.08–8.18)
Drinking municipal water
No
15
2
1.00
0.86
2
1.00
0.37
Yes
296
37
0.93 (0.40–2.15)
25
0.60 (0.20–1.82)
House roofing type
Corrugated iron
210
30
1.00
0.34
21
1.00
0.23
Other types
101
9
0.59 (0.20–1.75)
6
0.57 (0.23–1.42)
Socioeconomic level
High
164
21
1.00
0.91
17
1.00
0.17
Low
147
18
0.95 (0.38–2.37)
10
0.63 (0.33–1.21)
Adjusting for the clustering effect of schools was done in all analyses.
