Association of Breastfeeding and the Federal Poverty Level: National Survey of Family Growth, 2011–2013
Table 2
Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of Federal Poverty Level (FPL) categories (reference group = 0–99% FPL) from separate logistic regressions on breastfeeding National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) 2011–2013.
Number
100–199% FPL
200–299% FPL
300–399% FPL
400%+ FPL
Wald
value
All
5,397
1.47 (1.09, 1.99)
1.89 (1.33, 2.70)
2.16 (1.37, 3.39)
3.51 (2.21, 5.59)
<0.001
Maternal age
14 to less than 20 years
940
1.25(0.72, 2.17)
1.64 (0.78, 3.44)
0.35 (0.11, 1.07)
0.82 (0.21, 3.21)
0.134
20 to less than 25 years
1,892
1.42 (0.95, 2.12)
1.58 (1.04, 2.40)
1.68 (1.02, 2.79)
1.67 (0.77, 3.60)
0.115
25 to less than 30 years
1,499
1.63 (0.99, 2.70)
2.29 (1.34, 3.94)
2.22 (1.20, 4.09)
2.91 (1.72, 4.92)
<0.001
30 to 44 years
1,066
1.32 (0.70, 2.48)
1.28 (0.63, 2.61)
2.48 (1.18, 5.22)
3.90 (1.96, 7.76)
0.001
Maternal race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white
2,337
1.89 (1.18, 3.03)
2.57 (1.60, 4.12)
2.78 (1.62, 4.78)
4.18 (2.36, 7.40)
<0.001
Non-Hispanic black
1,313
1.63 (0.95, 2.81)
1.97 (0.93, 4.16)
4.83 (1.44, 16.21)
3.52 (1.25, 9.94)
0.005
Hispanic
1,747
1.16 (0.62, 2.01)
1.05 (0.40, 2.76)
0.78 (0.28, 2.17)
2.95 (1.27, 6.86)
0.023
Maternal education
Less than high school
1,152
1.49 (0.90, 2.49)
1.36 (0.51, 3.68)
1.65 (0.23, 11.77)
0.23 (0.03, 1.83)
0.226
High school graduate
1,652
1.47 (0.86, 2.50)
1.73 (0.83, 3.62)
1.26 (0.46, 3.43)
1.59 (0.73, 3.46)
0.448
Some higher education
1,158
1.49 (0.86, 2.57)
1.28 (0.67, 2.45)
1.07 (0.37, 3.15)
2.07 (0.78, 5.51)
0.442
Associate degree and above
1,143
0.91 (0.40, 2.07)
1.71 (0.87, 3.36)
2.03 (0.94, 4.36)
2.51 (1.24, 5.07)
0.018
Marital status
Single/separated/widowed/divorced
2,946
1.28 (0.84, 1.97)
1.50 (0.87, 2.60)
1.62 (0.81, 3.22)
2.16 (1.06, 4.38)
0.153
Married
2,451
1.39 (0.77, 2.51)
1.55 (0.95, 2.53)
1.68 (0.85, 3.33)
2.99 (1.49, 6.00)
0.044
Parity
First infant
865
1.08 (0.63, 1.84)
1.45 (0.86, 2.44)
1.23 (0.62, 2.44)
1.46 (0.71, 3.01)
0.657
2 or more
4,532
1.54 (1.11, 2.14)
1.96 (1.32, 2.92)
2.43 (1.41, 4.21)
4.29 (2.59, 7.09)
<0.001
Preterm birth
Yes (less than 37 weeks)
705
1.36 (0.97, 1.90)
1.77 (1.13, 2.79)
1.98 (1.09, 3.60)
3.34 (1.96, 5.69)
<0.001
No (37 weeks and above)
4,617
1.65 (1.06, 2.59)
2.15 (1.32, 3.48)
2.61 (1.37, 4.96)
3.75 (2.06, 6.83)
<0.001
Low birth weight
Yes (less than 2500 grams)
456
1.32 (0.58, 2.98)
1.50 (0.44, 5.15)
2.25 (0.68, 7.44)
4.62 (1.70, 12.54)
0.036
No (2500 grams and above)
4,941
1.46 (1.07, 2.00)
1.94 (1.39, 2.72)
2.13 (1.34, 3.38)
3.40 (2.11, 5.49)
<0.001
Insurance
Private or MediGap
2,112
1.62 (0.94, 2.81)
1.57 (0.89, 2.77)
1.80 (1.03, 3.16)
3.62 (1.94, 6.76)
0.001
Medicaid, CHIP, or a state-sponsored plan
1,600
1.16 (0.71, 1.90)
2.43 (1.09, 5.45)
1.21 (0.44, 3.36)
1.70 (0.40, 7.25)
0.278
Medicare, military, or other gv’t plans
328
1.95 (0.77, 4.95)
1.90 (0.82, 4.37)
2.87 (1.09, 7.54)
0.56 (0.93, 3.41)
0.004
Single service plan, IHS, or no coverage
1,357
1.08 (0.62, 1.88)
2.19 (0.99, 4.85)
3.77 (1.55, 9.16)
1.64 (0.72, 3.71)
0.004
Dwelling
Urban, principal city
2,275
1.22 (0.72, 2.07)
3.21 (1.98, 5.22)
2.80 (1.34, 5.87)
5.68 (2.48, 12.97)
<0.001
Urban, other than principal city
2,365
1.95 (1.31, 2.90)
1.54 (0.94, 2.52)
1.87 (1.01, 3.48)
3.11 (1.70, 5.70)
<0.001
Rural
757
1.04 (0.49, 2.20)
1.51 (0.66, 3.41)
2.63 (1.06, 6.50)
2.61 (0.94, 7.27)
0.255
Note: based on 5,397 mothers with infants from the National Survey of Family Growth 2011–2013. Preterm data were missing for 75 participants and the number and percentage of breastfeeding by these participants are not presented in the table. The separate logistic regressions tested the relationship between breastfeeding and Federal Poverty Level categories of household income for each characteristic. CHIP: Children’s Health Insurance Program; gv’t: government; IHS: Indian Health Service; Wt Col%: weighted column percentage. FPL = Federal Poverty Level. 0–99% Federal Poverty Level is the reference group.
