Research Article
Colors and Learner’s Gender Evoke Different Emotional and Cognitive Effects in Multimedia Learning
Table 1
Means and standard deviations of the measures for the e-learning color tones and learners’ gender.
| | Warm color tone | Cold color tone | Achromatic grayscale color tone | Male
(SD) | Female
(SD) | Total
(SD) | Male
(SD) | Female
(SD) | Total
(SD) | Male
(SD) | Female
(SD) | Total
(SD) |
| | Prior knowledge | 3.47 (2.10) | 3.62 (1.61) | 3.52 (1.95) | 3.09 (1.83) | 3.76 (1.87) | 3.33 (1.86) | 3.85 (2.20) | 3.85 (1.11) | 3.85 (1.93) | | Positive emotions before learning | 31.93 (8.31) | 30.50 (5.83) | 31.50 (7.63) | 29.81 (6.23) | 31.21 (8.19) | 30.31 (6.97) | 29.02 (5.43) | 33.05 (6.75) | 30.21 (6.10) | | Positive emotions after learning | 34.61 (7.83) | 32.15 (6.64) | 33.86 (7.52) | 30.81 (7.65) | 33.00 (8.19) | 31.60 (7.86) | 31.92 (7.44) | 34.81 (6.42) | 32.77 (7.23) | | Intrinsic motivation | 38.80 (9.51) | 38.05 (7.24) | 38.58 (8.83) | 34.88 (9.83) | 40.17 (9.12) | 36.78 (9.85) | 35.90 (8.98) | 40.34 (7.63) | 37.21 (8.79) | | Intrinsic load | 4.39 (2.33) | 4.32 (2.19) | 4.37 (2.27) | 4.56 (2.23) | 5.14 (2.13) | 4.77 (2.20) | 4.19 (2.28) | 4.19 (2.19) | 4.19 (2.24) | | Extraneous load | 3.40 (2.05) | 2.95 (1.71) | 3.26 (1.96) | 3.43 (2.22) | 2.90 (2.13) | 3.24 (2.18) | 2.53 (1.94) | 2.03 (1.73) | 2.38 (1.89) | | Germane load | 6.57 (1.81) | 6.29 (1.71) | 6.48 (1.77) | 5.66 (2.09) | 6.35 (1.80) | 5.91 (2.01) | 6.24 (1.94) | 6.27 (1.92) | 6.25 (1.92) | | Retention | 2.07 (2.41) | 0.85 (1.04) | 1.70 (2.16) | 1.42 (2.29) | 1.21 (1.74) | 1.34 (2.10) | 2.16 (2.16) | 0.95 (1.28) | 1.80 (2.01) | | Transfer | 4.93 (3.47) | 1.75 (1.62) | 3.97 (3.36) | 3.49 (3.45) | 3.83 (3.92) | 3.61 (3.60) | 3.44 (2.69) | 3.67 (2.50) | 3.51 (2.62) |
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