Technological Tools for Knowledge Apprehension and Promotion in the Cultural and Heritage Tourism Sector: Systematic Literature Review

Table 1

Study characterization.

Authors, year	Technology type	Type of development	Description	Country	Scenario
Widarti et al. [7]	Gamification	Mobile application	Development of an exploration game to promote the patrimonial knowledge of a series of temples with the use of mechanisms and game dynamics for the process of knowledge apprehension.	Indonesia	Heritage tourism
Annansingh & Bright [29]	e-Learning	Modules on web platform	Use of e-Learning in the ICT training process for employees of a national natural park and evaluation of its acceptance.	United Kingdom	Employee training
Sigala [30]	e-Learning	Collaborative e-Learning model	Geoportals as e-Learning tools for tourism education integrating geovisualization and geocollaboration.	N/A	Training in tourism
Kidi et al. [8]	Gamification	Mobile application	Design of an educational game focused on providing knowledge on Indonesian culture through a series of gamification techniques.	Indonesia	Culture education
Hoffman [31]	e-Learning	Modules on web platform/3D display	Development of didactic tools in e-Learning 3D exhibition mechanics for use in a technological museum as an educational component for students during their visit.	Czech Republic	Interactive museum
Fermoso et al. [32]	e-Learning	Mobile application	Development of an application to serve as a guide for tourists around cultural heritage and a collaborative e-Learning tool between institutions.	Spain	Cultural tourism
Negrusa et al. [33]	Gamification	Mobile application	Identification of gamification techniques and the use of mobile applications in sustainable tourism.	N/A	Sustainable tourism
Sigala [25]	Gamification	Mobile application	Study on gamification elements that can be integrated into tourism marketing and their effects on tourist behavior.	N/A	Tourism marketing
Királová [4]	Gamification	Mobile application	Analysis of how gamification can be used as a tool in tourism marketing.	N/A	Tourism marketing
Kachniewska [5]	Gamification	Mobile and online application	Application of gamification principles and the connection with social networks as tools for the promotion of tourism through mobile applications in a young population.	Poland	Tourism marketing
Xu et al. [34]	Gamification	Mobile and online application	Gamification as a tool used for tourism marketing and as an option to improve the tourist experience.	China	Tourism marketing and user experience
Mesaros et al. [6]	Gamification	Mobile application with augmented reality	Application development that combines principles of gamification and augmented reality to create a virtual tour of a historical site and learn from it.	Slovakia	Cultural and heritage tourism
Skinner et al. [17]	Gamification	Mobile application with geocaching	Study on the implications of gamification and geocaching as practices with good benefits for the tourism sector, with emphasis on the younger generations.	N/A	User experience
Madlberger et al. [27]	Gamification	Advergame	Analysis on the use of advergames within the promotion of destinations and experiences and on the behavior within the tourism sector.	Austria	Tourism marketing
Lee [35]	Gamification	Mobile application	Use of a gamification application in order to analyze the psychological behavior of users around learning and travel experience.	South Korea	Cultural and heritage tourism
Barreal et al. [26]	Gamification/e-Learning	Web platform/simulator	Development of a gamification tool for its integration within the training process of students in the tourism sector, developing a simulation of the context to be applied.	Spain	Training in tourism
Alves et al. [36]	Gamification	GRS model architecture	Development of a model for the improvement of group recommendation systems (GRS) using gamification techniques and intelligent agents in tourism.	N/A	User experience
Aguiar-Castillo et al. [37]	Gamification	Mobile application	Development of an application to study the acceptance of gamification as a complementary learning strategy in face-to-face classes in the educational environment.	Spain	Education
Chan et al. [38]	e-Learning	Web platform/simulator	Use of gamification tools for the development of an e-Learning strategy focused on virtually mediated urban tourism education.	N/A	Training in tourism
Souza et al. [39]	Gamification	Mobile application	Study of gamification as a tool for sustainable tourism as an activity linked to the fulfillment of the SDGs.	N/A	Sustainable tourism
Bao et al. [40]	Gamification	Mobile application	Development of a gamification application aimed at cultural and heritage tourism in order to enhance the experience and learning of associated concepts, through immersive tools.	China	Cultural tourism
Pageh & Permana [18]	e-Learning	Web platform	Use of a collaborative platform of knowledge on aspects of culture and heritage tourism for the training of students in tourism.	Thailand	Cultural and heritage tourism
Bahtiar et al. [41]	Gamification	Mobile application	Development of a gamified mobile application that focuses on the transmission of knowledge and enhances the experience in rural tourism.	Indonesia	Rural tourism
Liberato et al. [28]	Gamification	Mobile application	Proposal of an application with the use of games for the promotion of cultural and heritage knowledge around tourism derived from wine and gastronomy.	Portugal	Cultural tourism
Zorrilla et al. [24]	e-Learning	Modules on web platform	Analysis of the use of gamification tools for e-Learning processes as dynamic alternatives for student training.	N/A	Education
Kim et al. [23]	Gamification	Mobile application	Study of the impact of two gamification functions of an application as a tool for the analysis of the psychological responses of tourists in an open environment (corn maze).	South Korea	User experience