Research Article
Comparison of Written and Spoken Instruction to Foster Coordination between Diagram and Equation in Undergraduate Physics Education
Table 1
Mean values and standard deviation (in brackets) of each variable for groups with written and spoken instruction.
| Variable | Pretest score | Posttest score | Learning time in sec | Overall cognitive load | Extraneous cognitive load | Intrinsic cognitive load | Germane cognitive load | Number of gaze switches | Fixation duration in % |
| Written | 0.52 (0.50) | 0.63 (0.49) | 294 (56) | 18.28 (9.47) | 4.33 (3.53) | 4.0 (3.79) | 7.0 (4.90) | 15.35 (8.23) | 0.17 (0.07) | Spoken | 0.62 (0.49) | 0.83 (0.38) | 334 (46) | 22.15 (16.02) | 7.57 (10.04) | 3.2 (3.70) | 9.25 (5.55) | 58.78 (11.38) | 0.17 (0.04) |
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