Comparison of Written and Spoken Instruction to Foster Coordination between Diagram and Equation in Undergraduate Physics Education

Table 1

Mean values and standard deviation (in brackets) of each variable for groups with written and spoken instruction.

Variable	Pretest score	Posttest score	Learning time in sec	Overall cognitive load	Extraneous cognitive load	Intrinsic cognitive load	Germane cognitive load	Number of gaze switches	Fixation duration in %
Written	0.52 (0.50)	0.63 (0.49)	294 (56)	18.28 (9.47)	4.33 (3.53)	4.0 (3.79)	7.0 (4.90)	15.35 (8.23)	0.17 (0.07)
Spoken	0.62 (0.49)	0.83 (0.38)	334 (46)	22.15 (16.02)	7.57 (10.04)	3.2 (3.70)	9.25 (5.55)	58.78 (11.38)	0.17 (0.04)